9-son –to’plam dekabr 2021 pedagoglar uz 1

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like “hobby-horse,” after the children's toy or, worse still, “dandyhorse,” after the 
foppish men who often rode them.
[9]
 Johnson's machine was an improvement on 
Drais's, being notably more elegant: his wooden frame had a serpentine 
shape instead of Drais's straight one, allowing the use of larger wheels without 
raising the rider's seat, but was still the same design. 
During the summer of 1819, the "hobby-horse", thanks in part to Johnson's 
marketing skills and better patent protection, became the craze and fashion in 
London society. The dandies, the Corinthians of the Regency, adopted it, and 
therefore the poet John Keats referred to it as "the nothing" of the day. Riders wore 
out their boots surprisingly rapidly, and the fashion ended within the year, after 
riders on pavements (sidewalks) were fined two pounds. 
Nevertheless, Drais's velocipede provided the basis for further developments: in 
fact, it was a draisine which inspired a French metalworker around 1863 to add 
rotary cranks and pedals to the front-wheel hub, to create the first pedal-operated 
"bicycle" as we today understand the word. 
The intervening decades of the 1820s–1850s witnessed many developments 
concerning human-powered vehicles often using technologies similar to the 
draisine, even if the idea of a workable two-wheel design, requiring the rider to 
balance, had been dismissed. These new machines had three wheels (tricycles) or 
four (quadracycles) and came in a very wide variety of designs, using pedals, 
treadles, and hand-cranks, but these designs often suffered from high weight and 
high rolling resistance. However, Willard Sawyer in Dover successfully 
manufactured a range of treadle-operated 4-wheel vehicles and exported them 
worldwide in the 1850s.