THE STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2020
Pangasius
spp.), has resulted in a steady
increase in the rates of per capita consumption
of these species groups in recent years.
From 1990, at the start of the expansion in
aquaculture production, average annual growth
rates of per capita consumption up to 2017 were
most significant for freshwater and diadromous
fish (3.9 percent), crustaceans (2.9 percent) and
molluscs, excluding cephalopods (2.7 percent).
Meanwhile, species categories comprised
mainly of wild fish (cephalopods, pelagic fish,
demersal fish and other marine fish) saw zero
or negative growth in the same period, with the
exception of cephalopods, for which per capita
consumption increased
slightly at an average
annual growth rate of 0.1 percent in the period
1990–2017.
In 2017, more than two-thirds of the fish
consumed were finfish. However, since 1961 the
share of total finfish (freshwater and marine)
in total food fish supply has decreased from
86 percent to 74 percent. This is mainly due
to decline in the share of marine fish (from
69 percent to 34 percent), the increase in that of
freshwater and diadromous fish (from 17 percent
to 40 percent), crustaceans (from 5 percent to
10 percent) and molluscs, excluding cephalopods
(from 7 percent to 13 percent) in the period
1961–2017. The main group of species consumed
in 2017 were freshwater and diadromous fish, at
8.1 kg per capita, followed by pelagic fish (3.1 kg),
molluscs, excluding cephalopods (2.6 kg),
crustaceans (2.0 kg), demersal fish (2.8 kg), other
marine fish (1.0 kg), cephalopods (0.5 kg) and
other aquatic animals and invertebrates (0.2 kg).
It should be noted
that the same calculation
done using values instead of volumes would
be significantly different, as a large proportion
of freshwater species are of low value, e.g.
carp, whereas crustaceans such as shrimps and
lobsters, for example, are much more expensive.
Seaweeds and other aquatic plants, the majority
being farmed, are not currently included in
the FBS, but they are important components
of national cuisines in many parts of Asia,
in particular East Asia. Cultivated species
include
red seaweed
nori
(
Pyropia
and
Porphyra
species), used to wrap sushi, Japanese kelp
(
Laminaria japonica
), which is a popular snack
in East Asia in dried or pickled form, and
Eucheuma
seaweeds used for food processing
as well as an ingredient in cosmetics.
Seaweeds contain micronutrient minerals (e.g.
iron, calcium, iodine, potassium and selenium)
and vitamins (particularly A, C and B-12)
and are the only non-fish sources of natural
omega-3 long-chain fatty acids.
n
FISH TRADE
AND PRODUCTS
After some 50 years of rapid expansion,
international trade has confirmed its
important role in today’s global fisheries and
aquaculture sector as a driver of economic
growth and a contributor to global food
security. Exports of
fish and fish products are
essential to the economies of many countries
and regions. For example, they exceed
40 percent of the total value of merchandise
trade in Cabo Verde, Faroe Islands, Greenland,
Iceland, Maldives, Seychelles and Vanuatu.
In 2018, 67 million tonnes of fish (live weight
equivalent) were traded internationally,
equating to almost 38 percent of all fish
caught or farmed worldwide (
Figure 28
). In the
same year, 221 States and territories reported
some fish trading activity.
The total export
value of USD 164 billion recorded in 2018
13
represented almost 11 percent of the export
value of agricultural products (excluding forest
products) and about 1 percent of the value of
total merchandise trade. If exports for human
consumption of fish and terrestrial meat are
taken into account, since 2016 those of fish
have been higher than those of terrestrial in
value terms (51 percent versus 49 percent).
However, these global figures do not include
the value of trade in fisheries services
such as consulting, resource management,
infrastructure development, certification and
labelling, trade promotion and marketing
services, maintenance and research.
13
Trade data quoted in this section refer to
the available information
up to early March 2020, with the term “fish” used with the meaning as
defined in note 1 on p. 2. These figures could differ slightly from those
in the FAO fisheries commodities production and trade dataset
1976–2018 and in the Commodities section of the
FAO Yearbook of
Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2018
, both to be released in
mid-2020. The updated data can be accessed through an FAO web
page (FAO, 2020d), as can all editions of the yearbook (FAO, 2020c).
| 73 |
PART 1
WORLD REVIEW
The overall value generated by these services
is not yet known, as it is usually recorded
together with the value of services related to
other activities.
To
a large extent, the growth of international
trade in fish and fish products has followed
the expansion of trade in general, enhanced
by globalization and liberalization policies in
recent decades. From 1960 to 2018, the share
of merchandise trade in world gross domestic
product (GDP) grew from 16.7 percent to
46.1 percent (World Bank, 2020). For the
fisheries and aquaculture sector and many
other industries, this progressive process of
global economic integration can be broken
down into a number
of interconnected but
distinct trends, as follows. The various
economic activities that are necessary to
produce, process, preserve and package fish
have become more geographically segmented,
with the fish supply chains becoming longer
and more complex. Fish products often cross
multiple international borders during their
journey from production to processing and
on to final consumer. Extensive international
marketing campaigns have become a regular
occurrence as producer countries seek to
expand and diversify their export markets
and, together with information technology,
have also helped to facilitate the integration
of once nation-specific dishes such as
sushi into seafood menus across the world.
For local producers,
the dynamics of the wider
international market have become increasingly
relevant, with an estimated 78 percent of fish
and fish products exposed to competition
from international trade (Tveterås
et al
.,
2012). For many species frequently traded
internationally, the impact of supply disruption
shocks such as disease outbreaks and other
causes of price volatility is no longer confined
to the country or region in which they occur.
From 1976 to 2018, the value of global exports
of fish and fish products increased at an annual
rate of 8 percent in nominal terms and of
4 percent in real terms (adjusted for inflation).
FIGURE 28
WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION AND QUANTITIES DESTINED FOR EXPORT
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
Production
Fish exports
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