Chapter 5
Social and Emotional Development
89
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL MATURITY FROM
ADOLESCENCE INTO ADULTHOOD
The social and emotional goal of adolescence is the establishment of
autonomy—an understanding and acceptance of self as an individual
willing and able to function independent of parents (Arnett, 2000;
Beyers & Goossens, 2008; Karlsson, Arman, & Wikblad, 2008;
Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986).
16
In one dramatic illustration, Supreme
Court Justice Stevens asserted the relevant standard that “by defini-
tion,
…
a woman intellectually and emotionally capable of making im-
portant decisions without parental assistance also should be capable of
ignoring any parental disapproval.”
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Unfortunately for all involved, the teen’s movement away from
family—a process referred to as separation-individuation—is character-
istically ambivalent and conflicted. This conflict, acted out in the midst
of puberty, the movement toward abstract thinking and higher order
social/emotional/moral development, the transition into high school,
the independence associated with obtaining a driver’s license, and a
host of other convergent developmental events, expectably stresses the
entire family. This period is as much a trap for caregivers who can’t
tolerate conflict and respond by giving in as it is for those who are
threatened by conflict and who respond in kind (Seiffe-Krenke, 2006).
The former group—the acquiescors—overindulge their kids so as to
minimize upset and, in so doing, fail to teach frustration tolerance even
as they incite even greater rage and anxiety, potentially opening the
door for drug and alcohol experimentation, sexual acting out, gang
membership, and school failure (Dishion, Poulin, & Medici-Skaggs,
2000; National Institute of Child Health, 2008a). Ironically, caregivers
who respond at the other extreme—the overprotectors—may be open-
ing the same doors. When adolescent mood swings and rage elicit
adult emotion, the child can feel (and may actually become) rejected
and unwelcome.
The co-occurrence of teenage rebellion and family conflict is very
common and prompts expectable but impossible chicken/egg ques-
tions.
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Is the parent’s separation and divorce, or the onset of adult
domestic violence, or the sudden occurrence of child abuse or neglect
a
response to
the teenager’s moodiness and acting out, or, vice versa,
is the teenager’s moodiness and acting out at least partially the
result
of
the family conflict? In the vast majority of cases, both dynamics are
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