Chapter 4
Language Development
67
50–75% intelliglble [and] by 36 months a child’s speech is noramlly 75–
100% intelligible.”
4. Young children’s experience of their caregivers’ emotional states can have
a profound physiological affect on the child, as well (e.g., Schore, 2003a, b).
5. Wernicke’s region is a neurological structure in the left hemisphere of
most people’s brains to the rear of the superior temporal gyrus and
surrounding the auditory cortex (cf., Tanner, 2007).
6. Broca’s region or “the speech motor center” is a minute area toward the
back of the inferior frontal gyrus in most people’s left cerebral hemisphere.
See Grodzinsky and Amunts (2006) to learn more.
7. This is not to say that a young child’s provocative language or behavior
is necessarily benign, but it is only when an adult responds calmly and
without presumption or leading questions that the child’s real meaning
can be discovered.
8. Some researchers propound a “critical period” hypothesis, the idea that
the neurological “door” for language acquisition is only open for a fixed
period, after which it slams shut and acquisition is impossible (Lenneberg,
1967) and that “[u]nder dramatic circumstances, environmental factors
during the first years of life can be quite decisive for the development of
language, social, and other intellectual functions” (Uylings, 2006, p. 59).
9. Whitaker and Palmer (2008) provide a format for and a thorough discus-
sion of a comprehensive developmental history. I make a sample, parent-
report developmental history form available for adaptation at http://
www.healthyparent.com/DEVHX.pdf
10. The Center for Disabilities, Department of Pediatrics, University of South
Dakota School of Medicine provides an excellent handbook on FAS at:
http://www.usd.edu/cd/publications/fashandbook.pdf
11. “About one in every 2,700 children is born with profound hearing loss
and even more suffer lower levels of hearing loss. Ninety percent of deaf
children are born to hearing parents where deafness will be completely
unexpected. Too often, hearing loss is not diagnosed until children are
12 months old, when they will have missed out on a crucial year of
initial language acquisition.” Retrieved November 30, 2008, from http://
www.literacytrust.org.uk/pubs/stern.htm
12. The World Health Organization provides an excellent resource for under-
standing deafness at http://www.who.int/topics/deafness/en/
13. "Although in some cases [of autism] speech never develops fully or never
develops at all, in other cases, speech may be present but so inflexible and
unresponsive to context that it is unusable in normally paced conversation;
often, speech is limited to echolalia or confined to narrow topics of exper-
tise in which discourse can proceed without conversational interplay”
(Belmonte et al., 2004, p. 9228).
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