I Fundamentals, 1. Divisibility
Problem 1.7.14.
Let
p
≥
5 be a prime and choose
k
∈ {
0
, . . . ,
p
−
1
}
. Find the
maximum length of an arithmetic progression, none of whose elements contain
the digit
k
when written in base
p
.
(1997 Romanian Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.15.
How many 10-digit numbers divisible by 66667 are there whose
decimal representation contains only the digits 3, 4, 5, and 6?
(1999 St. Petersburg City Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.16.
Call positive integers
similar
if they are written using the same
digits. For example, for the digits 1, 1, 2, the similar numbers are 112, 121, and
211. Prove that there exist three similar 1995-digit numbers containing no zero
digit such that the sum of two them equals the third.
(1995 Russian Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.17.
Let
k
and
n
be positive integers such that
(
n
+
2
)
n
+
2
, (
n
+
4
)
n
+
4
, (
n
+
6
)
n
+
6
, . . . , (
n
+
2
k
)
n
+
2
k
end in the same digit in decimal representation. At most how large is
k
?
(1995 Hungarian Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.18.
Let
1996
n
=
1
(
1
+
nx
3
n
)
=
1
+
a
1
x
k
1
+
a
2
x
k
2
+ · · · +
a
m
x
k
m
,
where
a
1
,
a
2
, . . . ,
a
m
are nonzero and
k
1
<
k
2
<
· · ·
<
k
m
. Find
a
1996
.
(1996 Turkish Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.19.
For any positive integer
k
, let
f
(
k
)
be the number of elements in
the set
{
k
+
1
,
k
+
2
, . . . ,
2
k
}
whose base-2 representation has precisely three 1’s.
(a) Prove that, for each positive integer
m
, there exists at least one positive
integer
k
, such that
f
(
k
)
=
m
.
(b) Determine all positive integers
m
for which there exists exactly one
k
with
f
(
k
)
=
m
.
(35th International Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.20.
For each positive integer
n
, let
S
(
n
)
be the sum of digits in the
decimal representation of
n
. Any positive integer obtained by removing several
(at least one) digits from the right-hand end of the decimal representation of
n
is called a stump of
n
. Let
T
(
n
)
be the sum of all stumps of
n
. Prove that
n
=
S
(
n
)
+
9
T
(
n
)
.
(2001 Asian Pacific Mathematical Olympiad)
1.7. Numerical Systems
45
Problem 1.7.21.
Let
p
be a prime number and
m
a positive integer. Show that
there exists a positive integer
n
such that there exist
m
consecutive zeros in the
decimal representation of
p
n
.
(2001 Japanese Mathematical Olympiad)
Problem 1.7.22.
Knowing that 2
29
is a 9-digit number whose digits are distinct,
without computing the actual number determine which of the ten digits is missing.
Justify your answer.
Problem 1.7.23.
It is well known that the divisibility tests for division by 3 and
9 do not depend on the order of the decimal digits. Prove that 3 and 9 are the
only positive integers with this property. More exactly, if an integer
d
>
1 has
the property that
d
|
n
implies
d
|
n
1
, where
n
1
is obtained from
n
through an
arbitrary permutation of its digits, then
d
=
3 or
d
=
9.
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