I Fundamentals, 1. Divisibility
where
π(
n
)
denotes the number of primes
≤
n
. The relation above is known as the
prime number theorem. It was proved by Hadamard
2
and de la Vall´ee Poussin
3
in
1896. An elementary but difficult proof was given by Erd˝os
4
and Selberg.
5
The most important open problems in number theory involve primes. The
recent book of David Wells [
Prime Numbers: The Most Mysterious Figures in
Maths
, John Wiley and Sons, 2005] contains just few of them. We mention here
only three such open problems:
(1) Consider the sequence
(
A
n
)
n
≥
1
,
A
n
= √
p
n
+
1
− √
p
n
, where
p
n
denotes
the
n
th prime.
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