Middle childhood
Expressive
SLI (around
one-third)
PLI (around 20%)
Expressive-
Receptive SLI
(around half)
Figure 29.1
Distribution of major types of spe-
cific language impairment (SLI) in middle child-
hood. PLI, pragmatic language impairment.
The majority of children with SLI learning
English have difficulties with grammar, in par-
ticular verb morphology. For example, they fail to
mark tense accurately (they say ‘play’ for ‘played’,
omitting ‘ed’) and do not always use auxiliaries (‘I
staying there’ for ‘I am staying there’). These dif-
ficulties are evident even when children with SLI
are compared to younger typical children learn-
ing language. Grammar can be disproportionately
affected in SLI and has been suggested as a hall-
mark of the disorder [8].
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