Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

WHAT CAUSES SPECIFIC
LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT?
It has become clear that SLI is not a single-cause
disorder. A number of theories have been put for-
ward, all of which have received some empirical
support. It seems likely that multiple risk factors
are implicated. These include genetic, neurobio-
logical, cognitive and environmental influences.
Biological bases of SLI: genetic
and neurobiological factors
There is strong evidence that SLI runs in families.
The majority of children with SLI have a posi-
tive family history of language difficulties, with a
first-degree relative usually affected. The contribu-
tion of genetic factors is most clearly indicated in
twin studies, where identical twins have a much
higher concordance for SLI than non-identical
twins [1]. Patterns of inheritance appear to be
complex, involving interactions among multiple
genes [2]. Technological advances have made it
possible to examine brain development in chil-
dren with SLI. However, few atypicalities have
been identified. The most consistent neuroimag-
ing findings suggest leftward asymmetry and a
reduction in cerebral volume. Electrophysiological
evidence suggests abnormal auditory processing
[3]. However, these abnormalities have also been
observed in other developmental disorders. Thus,
further research is needed to identify distinc-
tive features of brain development in individuals
with SLI.
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