Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Other medications
There is limited evidence supporting the use of
other drugs. However, drugs such as clonidine,
bupropion, and modafinil have been shown to
produce some improvement in ADHD symptoms.
Some uncontrolled studies have also suggested the
use of tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine
and desipramine. These drugs should be used
only as a second-line treatment and when other
interventions have not been successful.
Psychosocial interventions
It is recommended that non-pharmacological
interventions are also provided to children and
adolescents suffering with ADHD. Clinicians
must emphasize to parents the need to implement
these interventions despite the use of pharma-
cological treatment. The largest trial to date, the
Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD [19],
showed short-term benefits of medication, that
adding behavioural treatment reduced the dosage
of medication required, but that behavioural treat-
ment alone was not helpful. Children with ADHD
may benefit from scheduled activities and regular
timetables. Reducing family stress by increasing
support, either formally through social services or
via voluntary organizations, can be helpful.
Parent training programmes/behaviour therapy
are aimed at modifying symptoms and should
be considered first for preschool children with
ADHD [20]. Parenting packages, such as the
Webster– Stratton programme, are behaviourally
oriented, usually delivered in groups, and empha-
size the use of play, praise, incentives, limits
and discipline to improve the child’s symptoms
and behaviours. Parent training programmes are
widely used in CAMHS at present.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy
for older chil-
dren and adolescents can help them to develop
a better understanding of their feelings, thoughts
and actions, and, theoretically, could improve
core ADHD symptoms. Recent work suggests
potential benefits for adults who are already
being treated with medication [21]. However, to
date there is little evidence to support its use in
adolescents with ADHD.
Social skills training
can be useful to help the
child develop socially acceptable behaviours and
improve peer relationships. Social skills train-
ing includes the use of anger management and
problem-solving strategies. At present there is no
evidence to suggest that this type of treatment is
effective in ADHD.

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