Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Personality features
These may be relevant precursors. Clinicians
have consistently described affected children
as
conscientious – even
obsessional – sensitive,
insecure and anxious, and this may be linked to
enhanced stress sensitivity in these children.
148


Middle childhood
Box 24.1
Engaging the family in assessment and treatment

Fully discuss the physical concerns preoccupying the family and the physical tests carried
out.

Address the physiological mechanisms contributing to symptoms when understood (e.g.
muscle pains as a consequence of immobilization and abnormal gait; excessive rest may
alter sleep).

Attributing symptoms to being ‘all in the mind’ is particularly unhelpful. Avoid questioning
the child’s truthfulness regarding the symptom.

Families and children are more likely to accept stress and psychological factors contributing
to the maintenance of the condition than to its cause.

Move from the physical to the psychological at a pace the family can cope with.

Developing strategies to help the child and family cope with the symptoms and reduce the
associated functional impairment is the essence of treatment.

Emphasize that response to treatment may be slow and intermittent but that most children
can recover.
Family factors
Family factors are thought to contribute, and
a combination of psychological distress and
health problems in the family may be specific
to childhood somatization. While a genetic
contribution
is
likely – possibly
reflecting
a
biological vulnerability to experiencing different
types
of
symptoms – family
ill-health
could
serve as a model for the child’s symptoms, thus
sensitizing the child and family and focusing
their attention on physical symptoms. Parental
emotional over-involvement and reinforcement of
the symptoms have been noted [4,5], for example
through positive consequences for symptoms, such
as allowing the child to stay home from school and
giving the child gifts when he or she is sick.
In a few cases, associated problems in the fam-
ily include profound disorganization, sexual abuse
and ‘fabricated’ illness (e.g. factitious disorder,
or M ¨unchhausen by proxy), leading to the child
presenting repeatedly for medical assessment and
care [6].

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