effect. The pigou effect refers to the stimulation of output and employment caused by
increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth, particularly during deflation.
Real wealth was defined by Arthur Cecil Pigou as the sum of the money supply and
government bonds divided by the price level (M/P). He
12
argued that Keynes’ General
theory’ was deficient in not specifying a link from real balances to current consumption and
12.Pigou Arthu Cecil (1943), “The Classical Stationary State,” Economic journal, 53,(212) 343:351).
that the inclusion of such a wealth effect would make the economy more ‘self correcting’ to
drops in aggregate demand than Keynes predicted. Because the effect derives from changes
to the “real balance”, this critique of Keynesianism is also called the Real Balance effect.
Arthur Pigou, a prominent classical economist in the 1930s, pointed out that real
money balances are part of household’s wealth. As prices falls and real money balances rise,
consumers should feel wealthier and spend more. This increase in consumer spending should
cause an expansionary shift in the IS curve, also lending to higher level of income.
Theses two reasons led some economists in the 1930s to believe that falling prices
would help stabilize the economy. That is, they thought that a decline in the price level would
automatically push the economy back toward full employment
13
. The Pigou effect is based on
the assumptions of flexible wage and price levels, and a constant stock of money, which
assumes a given LM curve. This states that with given LM curve, only IS curve will shift to
the right with an increase in consumption or reduction in saving when the real value of fixed
assets increases. This is because the Pigou’s effect runs strictly in the sense of static analysis.
This is illustrated in the Figure 6.4 (A) and 6.4 (B).
Algebraically, if the supply of money is constant i.e., M
0
and the price level is P (this
price is in the form of flexible absolute form) then the saving function will be
S = f [i, Y (M
0
/P)]
6.42
Where, S is saving; i refers to interest rate, Y refers to income; M
0
/P is real balance. A fall in
the price level from P to P1 (see Figure 6.4 B) leads to rise in the real money balance induce
people to consume more or reduce their saving, thereby increase in aggregate demand. This
leads increase in income and the economy reach full employment (Y
F
) at point E1 as shown
in the Figure 6.4 (B). As a result, IS curve shifts rightward (see Figure 6.3 A) when the real
value of fixed assets increases. Wage- price deflation shifts IS curve to IS1 and the economy
reached to the full employment level of output (Y
F
) at point E1 as shown in the Figure 6.4
(A).
13.
Mankiw, op.cit,: 299
Further, fiscal expansion, such as an increase in government purchase or d
shifts the IS curve to the right and for any given level of prices, raises income. Hence, a fiscal
expansion shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right.
Further, fiscal expansion, such as an increase in government purchase or d
shifts the IS curve to the right and for any given level of prices, raises income. Hence, a fiscal
expansion shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right.
Further, fiscal expansion, such as an increase in government purchase or decrease in taxes
shifts the IS curve to the right and for any given level of prices, raises income. Hence, a fiscal
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