In past decades, developing economies have benefitted from demographic surges,
such as in Asia. Rapidly growing populations were able to fill the demand for labour
as nations rode the industrialization wave which shifted job creation from low-
productivity agriculture to manufacturing, construction and services in rapidly
urbanising environments. Industrialisation and urbanisation were able to absorb the
large quantities of low-skill labour. However, through innovation and technology,
many of the low-skill, high-manpower jobs have been eliminated or altered. This
means that what worked previously in industrialising states may not work to create
For the purposes of this report, Baby boomers are those born during the demographic Post–World War II baby
those born between 1980 and 2000. Millennials are also known as Generation Y or Generation C.
Jobs for the Future 14
the same economic benefits in the new economy. While a large demographic surge
does bolster demand, it is yet unknown whether that rise in demand will concurrently
create a rise in employment (Dobbs et al, 2012).
This demographic bulge is the heart of the switch to a more urbanized and less farm-
based workforce. As more and more Millennials enter the workforce, they are
changing the needs and demands of the work world. Currently, Millennials are
projected to make up 75% of the global workforce by 2025 (Deloitte, 2014).
According to UN data, youth currently account for 40% of the working age
population in SSA, and between 23 to 33% in other developing nations. While most
countries’ demographic youth bulge peaked in 2005, there are still millions of jobs
needed to keep this generation working (Blumel, 2014). SSA will need to create 4.6
million jobs per year to absorb the projected increase in youth population; likewise,
in the Middle East and North Africa region and South Asia, employment numbers
need to expand by 0.4% and 1.2% respectively per year simply to employ young
workers entering the market (Blumel, 2014). These are massive numbers of new jobs
that need to be created just to handle the pressures of the demographic bulge, without
even addressing the current under-and-unemployment among today’s youth. All
manner of resources, innovation, technology and entrepreneurship will be vital to
ensuring the future success of the new economy.
The workforce of the coming years will be characterised by its multi-generational
aspect: baby boomers, Generation X, and Millennials working side by side. By 2025,
three quarters of the workforce will be Millennials, a demographic that grew up
connected, collaborative and mobile. The multi-generational workforce will not only
challenge accepted notions of hierarchy and seniority, but also demand a specific set
of skills to manage, lead and facilitate collaboration and learning across generations
(Störmer et al., 2014).
The multigenerational workforce will elicit friction: the typical jobs that were the
bread and butter of youth — especially non-graduates — are declining in number.
These jobs are being contested by older, more experienced workers who are
themselves displaced by the decline of middle-skill jobs (UKCES, 2014). This trend
has affected the most unskilled youth, for whom the only way into the formal
economy is a series of temporary or part-time jobs. Temporary workers, and therefore
young people, have a higher probability of being laid off due to many countries’ legal
protections for older, permanent workers (Dobbs et al, 2012). On the other hand,
older workers perceive younger ones to be at an advantage in the digital age since
the youth have grown up alongside the major changes and developments in
technology. Youth counter that their career progression opportunities are jeopardised
by the older generation.
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