Mishkin 2011. pdf



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1 THE ECONOMICS OF MONEYS BAMKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS

Increased

Regulation of

Mortgage

Brokers

Fewer

Subprime

Mortgage

Products

Regulation

Compensation

Higher Capital

Requirements

Additional

Regulation of

Privately

Owned

Government-

Sponsored

Enterprises


250

PA R T I I I



Financial Institutions

With the extension of the government safety net to a wider range of financial insti-

tutions, regulation will be needed to limit risk taking by financial firms. This will

require stricter regulation of investment banks

some of this will automatically

occur because the largest ones that have survived are now part of bank holding

companies and thus will be regulated and supervised like banks

as well as insur-

ance companies, which, as the AIG example suggests, can threaten the health of

the entire financial system when they take on excessive risk.

Regulations to restrict conflicts of interest at credit-rating agencies and to give

them greater incentives to provide reliable ratings have already been strength-

ened, but even more is likely to be done. The inaccurate ratings provided by

credit-rating agencies helped promote risk taking throughout the financial sys-

tem and led to investors not having the information they needed to make

informed choices about their investments. The reliance on credit ratings in the

Basel 2 capital requirements may also have to be rethought, given the poor per-

formance of credit-rating agencies in recent years.

More regulations both on disclosure and how derivatives are traded are likely to

be put in place, particularly on derivatives such as credit-default swaps. These

derivatives ended up being weapons of mass destruction that helped lead to a

financial meltdown when AIG had to be rescued after making overly extensive use

of them. Preventing this from happening again will be a high priority.

As a result of the subprime financial crisis, the world of financial regulation will

never be the same. Although it is clear that more regulation is needed to prevent

such a crisis from ever occurring again, there is a substantial danger that too much

or poorly designed regulation could hamper the efficiency of the financial system.

If new regulations choke off financial innovation that can benefit both households

and businesses, economic growth in the future will suffer.


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