How van Gogh Learned to Paint
Put yourself in van Gogh’s shoes for a moment. You’ve failed miserably as
an art dealer, despite your family connections. You’ve failed as a preacher.
Now you’re embarking on a new profession—painting—even though you
have difficulties in drawing things accurately. What would you do? Van
Gogh’s response to this challenge was a pattern that would repeat throughout
his life. First, he would identify a learning resource, method, or style and
pursue it with incredible vigor, creating dozens, if not hundreds, of works in
that direction. After this burst of intensity, aware of his still-existing
deficiencies, he would apply himself to a new resource, method, or style and
start again. Although there’s no evidence van Gogh thought of the
connection, I see a parallel between this pattern and the one used by
successful scientists: hypothesis, experiment, results, repeat. Perhaps
inadvertently, van Gogh’s aggressive, experimental strides into painting
allowed him to mature into not merely a proficient painter but an
unforgettably unique one.
Van Gogh’s experimentation began when he was first trying to become an
artist. The normal route to an artistic career in those days was to attend an art
school or apprentice in a studio. Van Gogh, due to the fact that others did not
see him as possessing much talent and his odd temperament, did not have
much luck with those traditional avenues. Therefore he turned to self-
education, pursuing home-study courses that promised to teach him the basics
of drawing. In particular, he made heavy use of Charles Bargue’s
Exercices
au fusain
(Charcoal Exercises) and
Cours de dessin
(Drawing Course), as
well as Armand Cassagne’s
Guide de l’alphabet du dessin
(Guide to the
ABCs of Drawing). They were thick books with graduated exercises on
which aspiring artists could work step by step to improve their drawing skill.
According to his biographers, van Gogh “devoured these big books . . . page
by page, over and over.” Van Gogh himself reported to his brother, Theo, “I
have now finished all sixty sheets,” adding “I worked almost a whole
fortnight, from early morning until night.”
4
Copying was another strategy van
Gogh employed early on that he would continue late into his artistic career.
Jean-François Millet’s
The Sower
was one of his favorite pictures to copy,
which he did again and again. He also applied himself to sketching from life
early, in particular models for portraits, which he struggled with due to his
difficulties with drafting accurately.
Van Gogh studied from other artists, friends, and mentors. Anthon van
Rappard convinced him to try out reed pen and ink and adopt the mature
artist’s style of short and fast strokes. Another artist, Anton Mauve,
persuaded him to try a variety of different media: charcoal and chalk,
watercolor, and Conté crayon. Often those attempts were not successful.
During their stay together at the house where van Gogh would later cut off
his ear, Paul Gauguin pushed the Dutchman to paint from memory, mute his
colors, and adopt new materials for different effects. Those tactics didn’t
work for van Gogh, whose weaknesses in drafting were exacerbated by not
having the scene directly in front of him, and the different materials went
against the style that would later make him famous. Experiments, however,
needn’t always be successful to have value, and van Gogh had many
opportunities for trying new techniques.
Van Gogh experimented not just with materials and methods but also with
the philosophies that underpinned his art. Although he is most famous for
strong, vibrant colors, that wasn’t his initial intention. Originally, he leaned
toward the profundity of muted, grayer tones, as witnessed in an early work
The Potato Eaters
. “Scarcely any color is not gray,” he argued. “In nature
one really sees nothing else but those tones or shades.”
5
He was fully
convinced of that and based his work on it accordingly. However, he would
later switch to the exact opposite: bright, complementary colors, often
imposed on a scene rather than being brought out from nature. His stance on
contemporary artistic movements flitted about; at first he preferred traditional
painting to the new Impressionist style, and later he shifted to the avant-
garde, opting for bold forms rather than verisimilitude.
There are two important things to note about van Gogh’s experiments in
art. The first is the variety of methods, ideas, and resources he applied. Since
he struggled with many aspects of painting, I believe that variation was
important to his eventually finding a style that would work for him—one that
would take advantage of his strengths and diminish the significance of his
weaknesses. Although virtuoso talents might be able to latch on to the first
style of instruction they are presented with and follow it to completion, others
require a great deal of experimentation before the right method sticks. The
second important thing to note is his intensity. Like all the ultralearners I’ve
discussed so far, van Gogh was tenacious in his efforts to become an artist.
Despite receiving much negative feedback and discouragement, he pursued
his art relentlessly, sometimes producing as much as a new painting every
day. These two factors, variation and aggressive exploration, enabled him to
push through his early obstacles and produce some of the most iconic and
brilliant works ever painted.
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