Some institutions in the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Australasia
There are problems in implementing these approaches, which relate to the limited
scope of the definitions of quality; identification of what is the product and who are the
customers; defining organisational objectives with clarity; measuring and controlling
processes related to teaching and learning; and exploring the role students play in their
approaches may lead to an over-emphasis on aspects of higher education which are easily
There are some advantages in using these systems. ISO9000 is an internationally
recognised system that has credibility, particularly in the eyes of employers. Using
customer-driven definitions of quality emphasises the viewpoint of students and
employers rather than the viewpoint of the provider. TQM, in particular, requires
recognition that everyone in an organisation has a role to play in improving quality. It
can, therefore, be used to look at the quality of the whole organisation, not just the quality
Although the application of TQM to higher education is in its early stages there is little
indication that TQM has any impact on, let alone improved, quality at the teaching and
creativity involved in research’ (Warren Piper, 1993, p. 100).
The
supposed
benefits of TQM to higher education include involvement of staff in the
improvement of their own working environment; a clearer idea of what the organisation
is about and the individual’s role in this; the institution’s ability to be responsible and
accountable for the services it provides; a shift of priorities from policy and rule-
generation to learning about customer expectations and requirements; improved morale
and changed attitudes; intuition and tradition replaced by fact-based decisions; breaking
down interdepartmental divisions through teamwork and the development of a common-
language to solve problems (although one better suited to higher education than the
existing business-oriented language of TQM) (Seymour, 1991).
There is nothing here that the new collegialism does not embrace. Parallels between
new collegialism and aspects of some forms of TQM have been highlighted. However,
they are fundamentally different despite some common ground, such as delegated
responsibility for quality, team working and the culture of quality improvement. At root,
TQM is fixated on a product or service supplied to a customer (or client). Higher
education is a participative process. There is no simple, discernible end-product of higher
education, it is an ongoing transformative process that continues to make an impact long
after any formal programme of study has been completed. In essence, TQM addresses a
partial ‘pragmatic’ notion of quality that is of marginal use in the context of higher
learning and knowledge development. The new collegialism adopts a transformative
notion of quality that embraces process and change rather than adherence to a static
specification of a product.
Effort might be more profitably directed to encouraging the development of open, self-
reflective collegialism rather than the importation of expensive, bureaucratic, unwieldy,
alienating managerialist approaches from industry. In essence, TQM and ISO9000 miss
the mark, having little do offer in relation to the teaching and learning interface, not least
because neither can accommodate the notion of the active participant in learning. The
way forward for continuous quality improvement in higher education is through the new
collegialism.