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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

 
Minority rights 
Uzbekistan remains, along with Turkmenistan, one of the two countries in the post-Soviet space 
where sex between men is against the law, with penalties ranging from fines to three years 
imprisonment under article 120 of the criminal code.
201
 A notable feature of the current Government 
has been a willingness to discussing difficult topics, even where action is not being taken, which 
makes its unwillingness even to discuss issues of sexuality stand out as an area of concern. Like many 
other international observers, this author had been advised on multiple occasions by otherwise 
helpful officials that writing on this topic would damage the wider research project, making the issue 
all the more important for it to be addressed. Efforts to raise discrimination against Uzbekistan’s 
LGBTQ community has received short shrift in international forums.
202
 
 
The atmosphere of repression means that it is very difficult for a community to develop, even in 
Tashkent which is comparatively tolerant when compared to the regions and some venues are more 
tolerant of LGBTQ people (even if not openly so).
203
 Recent arrests of gay men include couples 
arrested in their own homes; with police using arrests such opportunities for extortion. Over the last 
year, a number of murders have been linked to attacks on the LGBTQ community, notably the death 
of Shokir Shavkatov shortly after coming out on social media.
204
 Unsurprisingly given both the overall 
lack of independent NGOs and the legal situation there are no groups openly working directly on 
LGBTQ issues on the ground in Uzbekistan. HIV testing, even when undertaken anonymously, is 
challenging given the levels of homophobia in the medical profession, with doctors known to contact 
                                                           
evictions of citizens or aimed at creating panic among the population, as well as production, storage for the purpose of distribution or 
demonstration of attributes or symbols of religious extremist, terrorist organizations… d) using the media or telecommunications 
networks, as well as the worldwide information network Internet; Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, A Common Part, 
September 1994, Lex.UZ, For the full criminal code see https://lex.uz/docs/111457 
197
 RFE/RL’s Uzbek Service, Uzbek Governor In Hot Water After ‘Ugly Beard,’ Hijab Remarks, RFE/RL, September 2019, 
https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbek-governor-in-hot-water-after-ugly-beard-hijab-remarks/30191875.html 
198
 Mushfig Bayram, Uzbekistan: Obstacle, pressure, bribe demands obstruct legal status applications, Forum 18, December 2019, 
http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2527 
199
 Mushfig Bayram, Uzbekistan: Haj pilgrims face state control, bribery, exit ban lists, Forum 18, November 2019, 
http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2520 
200
 Mushfig Bayram, Uzbekistan: Despite coronavirus lockdown officials continue literature raids, Forum 18, April 2020, 
http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2564 
201
 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 
http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1712/file/a45cbf3cc66c17f04420786aa164.htm/preview 
202
 Reuters, Anything you want – except gay rights, Uzbekistan tells U.N., May 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-
rights/anything-you-want-except-gay-rights-uzbekistan-tells-u-n-idUSKCN1IO2OA 
203
 Darina Solod, In Uzbekistan, homosexuality is illegal. Here’s what LGBT life is like there, open Democracy, February 2020, 
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/uzbekistan-homosexuality-illegal-heres-what-lgbt-life/; Global Voices, In Uzbekistan, where 
homosexuality is illegal, LGBTQ+ people must hide to survive, November 2019, https://globalvoices.org/2019/11/27/in-uzbekistan-where-
homosexuality-is-illegal-lgbtq-people-must-hide-to-survive/; ADC Memorial, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan: Criminal Prosecution for 
Consensual Same-Sex Relationships Between Men, https://adcmemorial.org/en/publications/turkmenistan-and-uzbekistan-criminal-
prosecution-for-consensual-same-sex-relationships-between-men/ 
204
 RFE/RL’s Uzbek Service, Murder In Tashkent: Killing of Gay Man Spotlights Plight Of Uzbek LGBT Community, RFE/RL, September 2019, 
https://www.rferl.org/a/killing-of-gay-man-spotlights-plight-of-uzbek-lgbt-community/30167271.html; Umberto Bacchi, Gay man’s 
murder raises questions over Uzbek human rights reforms, Thomson Reuters Foundation News, September 2019, 
https://news.trust.org/item/20190927144443-n71k8/; Steve Swerdlow, Twitter Post, Twitter, September 2019, 
https://twitter.com/steveswerdlow/status/1172600370046164998?s=11 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
41 
 
relatives of patients and with issues around data security given tests are logged with a code 
identifying the risk category (homosexual sex) why the sample was taken. Given the relative ease of 
travel gay men and transwomen often seek some form of refuge in Russia, where homosexuality is 
legal but heavily discriminated against but, particularly in cases of trafficking, many end up being 
forced into sex work.  
 
The rise of Telegram and Facebook groups, as well as the use of WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram and 
vkontakte has provided a multitude of platforms for homophobic abuse to be shared, as part of a 
wider meme culture and examples of toxic masculinity. Examples include the @tashGangs page on 
telegram with 576,000 followers at time of writing.
205
 Such groups have been known to share 
personal information of LGBTQ people and spread videos of physical punishment, lynchings, 
humiliation and abuse of gay men. Mirziyoyev has not spoken publically about LGBTQ issues, even 
when called out in a public letter by Shohrukh Salimov (a gay Uzbek man who after police 
harassment had to relocate to Istanbul) in the summer of 2019.
206
 However given his willingness to 
talk publically about most other issues, and the government’s blanket denial of the need to address 
issues facing the LGBTQ community this does not bode well for the chances of reform, amid 
conservative fear that openly discussing issues of equality in Uzbekistan might lead to weakening of 
the existing cultural taboos.
207
 Although limited in their leverage, Western-partners will need to 
continue to push for decriminalisation and make clear the lasting damage that its current position 
does to the country’s international reputation.  
 
Uzbekistan is slowly working to improve how it treats its disabled citizens, though with significant 
challenges including deinstitutionalisation, changing bureaucratic responses to disabled people and 
adapting the legacy of the Soviet and Karimov era built environment to try to improve accessibility. It 
is an area of growing interest to campaigners, such as Dilmurad Yusupov who writes in this collection 
on NGO registration work that followed on challenges around the registration of the Association of 
Disabled People of Uzbekistan.
208
  
 

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