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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

73
 It made clear that such provisions should 
apply to ‘large-scale investment and other projects, including the improvement of housing and living 
conditions of citizens in a certain area, the development of infrastructure and the construction of 
high-demand socio-economic facilities.’ Such developments are supposed to require detailed plans, 
in accordance with published masterplans for the area. They should also be ‘carried out only with 
consent of the owner (or land user, tenant) on the basis of a decision of the Kengash of People's 
Deputies (local council) or in accordance with a resolution of the President of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan and the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan.’
 74
 Furthermore the ‘decision on demolition of 
residential and non-residential premises, owned by individuals and legal entities in connection with 
the withdrawal of land for state and public needs, shall be made after full compensation for the 
market value of the property and damages caused to the owner.’  
 
This new legal framework has the potential to make a difference to the lives of ordinary Uzbeks if it 
is properly implemented, albeit it formalises the existing much more expansive use of state backed 
compulsory purchase mechanisms to facilitate private business development than is common in 
more developed legal systems. However, it comes after several years of growing tensions, where in 
the absence of a clear legal framework high handed officials have pushed through controversial 
projects and faced accusations of corruption or cronyism in their delivery, with newly established 
firms with opaque structures or those with ties to political appointees winning contracts for major 
projects; such as Akfa Dream World, a firm involved in the Tashkent City project and linked to the 
Tashkent Khokim Jahongir Artykhodzhaev, whom prior to becoming Khokim had been director of the 
state enterprise responsible for the construction and operation of Tashkent City.
75
 Another example 
is the former Khokim of Samarkand, whom was jailed for 13 years in August 2019 for taking bribes 
from construction firms involved in a series of controversial developments in and around 
Samarkand’s UNESCO protected old city; demolitions that further drew attention to the current lack 
of formal protections, such as a ‘listing’ system or conservation area status, for properties of 
historical or architectural interest.
76
 
 
Decision making around granting planning permission for developments and the creation of area 
masterplans is not properly open to public consultation and scrutiny. In Tashkent for example the 
planning decisions are made by the Khokim (with no formal requirements or mechanisms for prior 
public consultation) but are ratified by meetings of the local Kengash, which are open to the public 
but are poorly attended and advertised and so far they have never overturned a decision of the 
                                                           
73
 The previous law was frames as follows: ‘the Regulation on the procedure for compensation of losses to citizens and legal entities in 
connection with the seizure of land for state and public needs (Appendix to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan dated May 29, 2006 N 97) gave five fairly broad grounds for land seizure:  

 
the provision of land for the needs of defence and state security, protected natural areas, the creation and functioning of free 
economic zones; 

 
fulfilment of obligations arising from international treaties; 

 
discovery and development of mineral deposits; 

 
construction (reconstruction) of roads and railways, airports, airfields, aeronautical facilities and aeronautical centres, railway 
facilities, bridges, subways, tunnels, power systems and power lines, communication lines, space activities, trunk pipelines, 
engineering and communications networks; and  

 
execution of master plans for settlements in the construction of facilities at the expense of the State budget of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, as well as in other cases directly provided for by laws and decisions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.’ 
See: Norma.uz, All legislation of Uzbekistan, 
https://nrm.uz/contentf?doc=105171_polojenie_o_poryadke_vozmeshcheniya_ubytkov_grajdanam_i_yuridicheskim_licam_v_svyazi_s_iz
yatiem_zemelnyh_uchastkov_dlya_gosudarstvennyh_i_obshchestvennyh_nujd_(prilojenie_k_postanovleniyu_km_ruz_ot_29_05_2006_g_
n_97)&produ 
74
 Consent, according to the legislation means that the initiator of the development has to gain 75 per cent of the residents’ consent of the 
building targeted for redevelopment/demolition. If the remaining 25 per cent of the residents’ were to withhold consent then the initiator 
would be able to go to court to obtain final approval. 
75
 Kristian Lasslett, You should know where the money’s coming from: a response to the mayor of Tashkent, openDemocracy, February 
2019, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/you-should-know-where-money-s-coming-from-response-to-mayor-of-tashkent/ 
76
 Kun.uz, Court verdict against the ex-khokim of Samarkand region Turobjon Jurayev announced, August 2019, 
https://kun.uz/en/75468129?q=%2Fen%2F75468129;  CABAR, Renovation in Uzbekistan: to Evict and Demolish, April 2019, 
https://cabar.asia/en/renovation-in-uzbekistan-to-evict-and-demolish/ 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
19 
 
Khokim. Planning decisions made by regional Khokims are formally signed off by the national Cabinet 
of Ministers. The paperwork residents receive informing them about what is happening with a 
development and how to get compensation often does not follow official procedures. The 
requirements for obtaining consent, notionally at least 75 per cent of the current residents should 
agree to the new development, are in practice elusory due to pressure from developers and the 
authorities. Crucially many residents were not being fully compensated or in some cases they had 
not received any relief at all, with compensation payments not paid or replacement homes (where 
offered) being of lower quality and in less desirable areas. While payments are supposed to be made 
by developers the local Khokimiyat has responsibility for ensuring compensation is paid, a duty far 
from always delivered on.  
 
In July 2019, one month before the new decree, over a thousand of angry residents from Urgench in 
the Khorezm region blocked the main Urgench-Khazarasp highway in protest at their treatment by 
the regional government.
77
 Families from around 400 demolished homes, who were living in a 
temporary tent city without running water, had only received partial payment of the promised 
compensation since their eviction and they were further angered by local businesses hiking the price 
of construction materials by up to 50 per cent making it even harder to rebuild their lives (displaced 
people in rural areas are often expected to build their own replacement accommodation). The day 
after the protests PM Abdulla Aripov was dispatched to the area promising the displaced families full 
payment of compensation and a freeze on demolition where compensation had not been paid.
78
 
This major protest followed controversial demolitions in Rishtan, Ferghana and in Yakkabog, 
Qashqadaryo Province where the Deputy Khokim was set alight by protestors and subsequently fired 
for his poor handling of the demolitions, and in the Yangiyul suburb of Tashkent where residents 
received demolition notices without any prior consultation or warning that a development scheme 
was being planned.
79
 
 
There has been a clear recognition of the potential for this issue to become a major political problem 
for the Government. The swift response by Aripov was followed in August 2019, not only by the 
Presidential Decree, but a public berating by Mirziyoyev of the regional Khokims, singling out the 
leaders of the Ferghana, Khorezm and Kashkadarya regions in angry terms. The President’s 
comments highlight his awareness of the potential reputational damage for his own leadership, 
telling the Governors:   
 
One of your subordinates quarrelled with one of the local residents and made me a disgrace in the 

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