3. Global path planning with known static obstacles
In the environments of large pollution-free area, there are no ob-
stacles in the workspace of AUV. In this case, a global path planner
without considerations of obstacle avoidance can be used, and the path
length is usually one of the key optimization objectives for AUV path
planning. The objective of AUV is to find the shortest path from the
starting point to the designated position in accordance with its turning
characteristics. For example,
Li
(
2019
) proposed a 3D cubic Bezier
curve method to solve the problem that the distance between the Bezier
curve and last several targets is large. This idea was shown to be able to
enable AUV to get the shortest path with good continuity. In addition,
different from other robot platforms on land or in the air, the battery
life of AUV is limited and AUV cannot be re-charged in time when
performing underwater tasks. Therefore, the energy consumption must
be kept at the lowest level for AUV path planning. Especially in the
ocean environments with strong currents, if the path planning direction
of AUV is consistent with the direction of currents, the energy consump-
tion would be greatly reduced. Therefore, how to make rational use of
ocean currents is a problem that many researchers pay attention to in
barrier-free environment.
Yao et al.
(
2018
) proposed a path planning
method with continuous direction for AUV based on the edge search
algorithm. The proposed method does not fix the specific location of the
next point, and uses the current to reach the next point to the maximum
extent, which can reduce the energy consumption.
On the other hand, most of the time AUV will operate in the environ-
ments full of obstacles. And there are many cases when the location and
contour of static obstacles can be measured or obtained beforehand. In
these cases, there is usually a global map about everything including
obstacles before planning a path. AUV can use this information to find
a collision-free path between the starting point and the target point in
advance with global path planning methods. Because the position of
the static obstacle is fixed, AUV can use the environmental modeling
method to get an understanding of the distribution and contour of
the obstacles in advance. The commonly used environmental modeling
methods by AUVs include grid method (
Cao et al.
,
2016
), cell tree
(
Zhang and Jia
,
2012
), electronic chart (
Sun and Zhang
,
2012
), etc.
The integrity of obstacle information in the model will determine the
accuracy of static path planning. In this static environment with known
obstacles, how to quickly and efficiently plan an optimal path is crucial
to promote the development of AUV. Compared with dynamic path
planning for unknown and dynamic obstacle avoidance, its advantage
is that it can increase the possibility of finding the optimal path (
Ralli
and Hirzinger
,
1997
). In this section, we will review popular global
path planning methods for AUV traveling in environments with known
Fig. 3.
Illustration of the
𝐴
∗
algorithm.
static obstacles. These methods were also used by researchers for AUV
path planning in barrier-free environments with more focus on the
path length, energy consumption and ocean current instead of obstacle
avoidance.
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