Consequences of Stress
As noted earlier, the results of stress may be positive or neg-
ative. The negative consequences may be behavioral, psychological, or medical. Behavior-
ally, for example, stress may lead to detrimental or harmful actions, such as smoking,
alcohol or drug abuse, and overeating. Other stress-induced behaviors are accident
proneness, violence toward self or others, and appetite disorders. Substance abuse is
also a potential consequence.
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The psychological consequences of stress can interfere with an individual’s mental
health and well-being. Problems include sleep disturbances, depression, family problems,
and sexual dysfunction. Managers are especially prone to sleep disturbances when they
experience stress at work.
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Medical consequences of stress affect an individual’s physio-
logical well-being. Heart disease and stroke have been linked to stress, as have headaches,
backaches, and skin conditions such as acne and hives.
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Individual stress also has direct consequences for businesses. For an operating
employee, stress may translate into poor-quality work and lower productivity. For a man-
ager, it may mean faulty decision making and disruptions in working relationships.
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Withdrawal behaviors can also result from stress. People who are having difficulties with
stress in their jobs are more likely to call in sick or to leave their positions. More subtle
forms of withdrawal may also occur. A manager may start missing deadlines, for example,
or taking longer lunch breaks. Employees may also withdraw by developing feelings of
indifference. The irritation displayed by people under great stress can make them difficult
to get along with. Job satisfaction, morale, and commitment can all suffer as a result of
excessive levels of stress. So, too, can motivation to perform.
Another consequence of stress is
burnout
—a feeling of exhaustion that may develop
when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time. Burnout
results in constant fatigue, frustration, and helplessness. Increased rigidity follows, as do
a loss of self-confidence and psychological withdrawal. The individual dreads going to
work, often puts in longer hours but gets less accomplished than before, and exhibits
mental and physical exhaustion. Because of the damaging effects of burnout, some
firms are taking steps to help avoid it. For example, British Airways provides all of its
employees with training designed to help them recognize the symptoms of burnout and
develop strategies for avoiding it. The “Tough Times, Tough Choices” feature discusses
other damaging consequences of stress.
Managing Stress
Given the potential consequences of stress, it follows that both people and organizations
should be concerned about how to limit its more damaging effects. Numerous ideas and
approaches have been developed to help manage stress. Some are strategies for indivi-
duals; others are strategies for organizations.
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burnout
A feeling of
exhaustion that may
develop when
someone
experiences too
much stress for an
extended period of
time
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