Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed



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Management in Action

Orchestrating Outcomes

“[T]hey feel empowered. They don’t have anyone telling them what to do. They

walk into the rehearsal hall and it’s their opportunity to influence [and] shape

music.”

—Executive Director Graham Parker on the musicians of the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra

Reviewing a recent concert by the Orpheus

Chamber Orchestra, New York Times

music critic Vivien Schweitzer wrote that

the orchestra played Robert Schumann’s

Symphony No. 2 “with remarkable co-

ordination”; the “balance among strings,

winds, and brass,” she added, “was impres-

sively well proportioned.”

Was Schweitzer, as we sometimes say,

damning

with


faint

praise?


Isn’t

a

symphony, which means “harmony of

sounds,” supposed to be played with

remarkable

coordination?

Aren’t


the

various sections of the orchestra supposed

to be well balanced? Had the conductor,

whose job is to ensure a consummate

performance of the music, achieved little

more


than

coordination

and

balance?


Sergii Tsololo/Photos.com

Hiroyuki


Ito/Hulton

A

rchive/Getty



Im

ages


The Orpheus Chamber Orchestra is unique in that it performs without

a conductor. By working as a team without a leader, the orchestra

builds motivation and satisfaction among its musicians.

4 5 6

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.



Actually, New York–based Orpheus doesn’t play with a conductor, and Schweitzer

was remarking on the fact the orchestra had “bravely—and successfully—

attempted” such a complex work without the artistic and managerial leadership

of someone who directs rehearsals and stands at a podium waving an

authoritative baton.

“For us at Orpheus,” explains executive director Graham Parker, “it’s the way

we make the music that’s the difference.” Orpheus holds to the principle that its

product—the music performed for audiences—is of the highest quality when its

workers—the musicians—are highly satisfied with their jobs. All professional

orchestra musicians, of course, are highly trained and skilled, but make no

mistake about it: A lot of them are not very happy workers. J. Richard Hackman,

an organizational psychologist at Harvard, surveyed workers in 13 different

occupational categories, including orchestra players, to determine relative levels

of job motivation and satisfaction. On the one hand, musicians ranked at the top

in motivation, “fueled by their own pride and professionalism,” according to

Hackman. But when it came to general satisfaction with their jobs, orchestra

players ranked seventh (just below federal prison guards and slightly above beer

sales and delivery teams). On the question of satisfaction with growth

opportunities, they ranked ninth (again, below prison guards, though a little

higher than operating-room nurses and hockey players).

It’s this disconnect between motivation and satisfaction—and between

motivation and product quality—that Orpheus was conceived to rectify, and the

first principle in what’s now known as the “Orpheus Process” is “Put power in

the hands of the people doing the work.” According to Harvey Seifter, a

consultant specializing in relationships between business and the arts, the

Orpheus Process consists of five elements designed to put this principle into

practice:

1. Choosing Leaders. For each piece of music that the orchestra decides to

perform, members select a leadership team composed of five to seven musi-

cians. This “core team” then leads rehearsals and serves as a conduit for

members’ input. It’s also responsible for seeing that the final performance

reflects “a unified vision.”

2. Developing Strategies. Prior to rehearsals, the core team decides how a

piece of music will be played. Its ultimate goal is to ensure “an overall

interpretive approach to the music,” and it works to meet this goal by

trying out various approaches to the music during rehearsals with the full

orchestra.

3. Developing the Product. Once an interpretive approach has been chosen,

rehearsals are geared toward refining it. At this point, players make

suggestions and critique the playing of their colleagues. It is, of course,

a highly collaborative stage in the process, and its success depends on

mutual respect. “We’re all specialists—that’s the beginning of the discus-

sion,” says violinist Martha Caplin. “When I talk to … another musician in

the group, it’s on an equal level. It’s absolutely crucial that we have that

attitude.” When disagreements arise, everyone works toward a consensus,

and if a consensus can’t be reached, the issue is settled by a vote. Violinist

Eriko Sato also emphasizes that the process of collaborative input works

best when members focus their contributions on outcomes of the highest

possible quality: “Fundamentally,” she says, “I don’t think everybody’s




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