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Rachel Maissy-Noy
nations. Among the frequent examples in Egyptian historiography to il-
lustrate this were Zipporah, the black wife of Moses, David, who had
Moabite blood in his veins, and Solomon, who was a descendant of the
Hittites. Another example of the existence of mixed marriages is when
Nehemiah, leader of
Shivat Zion (the Jews’ return to Judea after the Baby-
lonian exile), ordered the Jews to divorce their foreign wives. Zubayda
Muḥammad ῾Aṭa mentions this as an outstanding example of the extent
of mixed marriage on the leadership as well as on the personal level.
4
Another claim concerning the genealogical distance of Jews today
from Abraham is that during the course of time and due to historical
circumstances the Jews assimilated with their environment, freely or un-
der duress. In addition, they were joined by tribes of various races and
cultures, and as a result of that mingling, the Jewish race lost its genetic
distinctiveness from the biblical Jews. At this point, the researchers use
the conclusions of anthropological research, which indicates a racial blur
that manifests itself in the conspicuous physical differences between the
European Jews and those from Asia and Africa. One of the most impor-
tant historians who paid attention to the distancing of the Jews of today
from the biblical ones is Jamal Ḥamdan. At the end of the 1960s he wrote
a comprehensive study of this subject in
al-Yahud Antrupulujiyyan (Jews
from the Anthropological Angle).
This study was devoted entirely to the
anthropological aspect in order to prove that most of today’s Jews do
not belong to the Semitic race. Ḥamdan tried to base his conclusion on
two levels: biological and statistical. Biologically, he analyzed anatomi-
cal characteristics of contemporary Jews, such as height, body and skull
structure, and color of hair, skin, and eyes. From the significant differ-
ences he found in these characteristics among the Jews themselves, he
concluded that the anatomical variables were related both to mixed mar-
riages and to conversion processes that were very common in ancient and
medieval times. Consequently he stated: “There is no Jewish community
today which has not undergone biological mingling with the environ-
ment. Therefore we cannot say that they represent the ancient Jews of
Palestine, with the exception, probably, of the Samaritans, who are the
only group, claim many, which remained in Palestine throughout history
in perfect seclusion.”
5
On the second level Ḥamdan relied on statistics of Western research
according to which the number of Jews after the Edict of Hadrian in 138
ce was about forty thousand people, whereas some five hundred years
Issues of Jewish History as Reflected in Modern Egyptian Historiography · 233
later, their number in the Roman Empire amounted to seven million. That
means in his view that the huge demographical increase was not due
to natural propagation but due to the joining of various ethnic groups
during those five hundred years. The emirates of Ḥimyar and Ḥidyab
converted to Judaism in antiquity,
6
and tribes from the Arabian Peninsula
as well as barbaric tribes from North Africa converted to Judaism for
various reasons.
7
Another popular claim used by Ḥamdan and other researchers in or-
der to break the genealogical bond between the contemporary Jews and
the biblical Children of Israel was the theory of the Khazars, which says
that most of the European Jews are the descendants of the Khazarian peo-
ple. This theory was already presented in the 1950s by none other than
the Jewish historians Nathan Pollack and Arthur Koestler.
8
That drove
Zubayda ῾Aṭa to the conclusion that not only did the Hebrew race mingle
with the Canaanite nation in antiquity but that the bond of contemporary
Jews with Palestine is also doubtful. She explains it by the fact that the
meaning of the Khazar theory is that most contemporary Jews do not
belong to the Semitic race at all: “This proves that the forefathers of the
Jews arrived from beyond the Volga and not from Trans-Jordan, nor from
the Land of Canaan but from the Caucasus.”
9
It should be mentioned
here that the implications of this argument on the Israeli/Arab conflict
are very obvious in the Palestinian historiography, as bitterly expressed
by the Palestinian historian Saleḥ al-Rukub: “The Arab Palestinians, the
true descendants of Abraham, have been replaced by another nation who
have nothing that attaches them to this land.”
10
Moreover, some historians trace the movements of the Sons of Abra-
ham from the end of the nineteenth century bce up to now, in the attempt
to sever the bond between biblical Jews and modern Jews. Therefore,
they make a strong distinction between four terms:
Hebrews,
Children of
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