Vaka-i Zağra (Istanbul: Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser, n.d.).
20. Bilal N. Şimşir, ed., Turkish Migrations from the Balkans (Documents), 3 vols.
(Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 1989); Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The
Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995); Nedim
İpek, Rumeli’den Anadolu’ya Türk Göçleri (1877–1890) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Ku-
rumu, 1994); Ahmet Halaçoğlu, Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri
(1912–1913) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1994); Abdullah Saydam, Kırım
ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856–1876) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1997); Yıldırım
Ağanoğlu, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Balkanların Makûs Talihi Göç (Istanbul:
Kum Saati, 2001).
21. BOA, AAMD, No. 87/71; BOA, Irade Meclis-i Mahsus, no. 266. For the
settlement of the Tatars in Dobrudja, see Mark Pinson, “Russian Policy and the
Emigration of the Crimean Tartars to the Ottoman Empire, 1854–1862,” Güney-
Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 vols. (Istanbul: Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakül-
tesi, 1972–74), 37–56.
22. BOA, Irade Dahiliye, no. 22622.
23. BOA, Irade Dahiliye, no. 23899.
24. BOA, Irade Dahiliye, no. 6857.
25. Abdulhamid II allowed the Jews to settle almost anywhere in the Otto-
man Empire except Palestine. Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire, 118.
26. Halaçoğlu, Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri, 38–66.
27. Erhan, Yunan Toplumunda, 33–35.
28. Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, Trakya’da Milli Mücadele (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu,
1987), 1:92–93.
29. Alexander Popovic, Balkanlarda Islam, trans. Komisyon (Istanbul: İnsan
Yayınları, 1995), 220–23.
30. Paul Dumont, “Jewish Communities in Turkey during the Last Decades
of the Nineteenth Century in the Light of the Archives of the Alliance Israélite
Universelle,” in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, ed. Braude and Lewis,
212.
Sharing the Same Fate: Muslims and Jews of the Balkans · 71
31. Avigdor Levy, “The Siege of Edirne (1912–1913) as Seen by a Jewish Eye-
witness: Social, Political, and Cultural Perspectives,” in Jews, Turks, Ottomans,
ed. Levy, 153–93.
32. Ibid., 191.
33. For the Jewish migrants and scholars who came to Turkey, see Arnold Re-
isman, Turkey’s Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Ataturk’s Vision (Wash-
ington, D.C.: New Academia, 2006); Stanford J. Shaw, Turkey and the Holocaust
(New York: New York University Press, 1993); Frank Tachau, “German Jewish
Emigrés in Turkey,” in Jews, Turks, Ottomans, ed. Avigdor Levy, 233–45.
34. After the establishment of Israel, between 1948 and 1951, 34,547 Jews, 40
percent of the Jewish population, migrated to Israel; 27,473 Jews of Turkey also
migrated to Israel between 1951 and 2001; 3,000 of them returned to Turkey.
There were 20,000–25,000 Jews in Turkey in 2003. Şule Toktaş, “Turkey’s Jews
and Their Immigration to Israel,” Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 3 (May 2006):
505–19.
35. Steven Bowman, “Greek and Jewish Nationalism in the Balkans in the
Nineteenth Century,” in Last Ottoman Century, ed. Rozen, 2:23.
36. Erhan, Yunan Toplumunda, 30–32.
37. Shaw, The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, 205–206.
38. Erhan, Yunan Toplumunda, 43–45.
39. Ibid., 46–59, 66–73.
40. Ayşe Nükhet Adiyege, Yunanistan Sınırları İçinde Müslüman Cemaat Örgüt-
lenmeleri: Cemaat-i İslamiyeler 1913–1998 (Ankara: SAEMK, 2001).
41. Halit Eren, Batı Trakya Türkleri (Istanbul, 1997), 159. For the migrations
from Greece to Turkey, also see Hikmet Öksüz, Batı Trakya Türkleri (Çorum:
Karam Yayıncılık, 2006), 57–94.
42. Lebel, “Evaluation of the Serbian State,” 48–65.
43. Ibid., 64–65.
44. Ivo Goldstein, “Types of Anti-Semitism in the Territory of Former Yugo-
slavia, 1918–2000,” in Jews and Slavs, ed. Moskovich et al., 12:9–18.
45. Lebel, “Evaluation of the Serbian State,” 64–65.
46. Goldstein, “Types of Anti-Semitism,” 9–18.
47. Estimations range from 65,000 to 300,000 for the period of 1879–1910. See
Popovic, Balkanlarda Islam, 195–97.
48. Ibid., 224–96.
49. Zlatka Dizdarevic, Sarajevo, a War Journal (New York: Fromm Interna-
tional, 1993), 135–37.
50. Stephen Schwartz, Sarajevo Rose: A Balkan Jewish Notebook (London:
SAQI/Bosnian Institute, 2005), 44–45.
51. Carol Iancu, Jews in Romania, 1866–1919: From Exclusion to Emancipation,
trans. Carvel de Bussy (Boulder: East European Monographs; New York: Dis-
tributed by Columbia University Press, 1996), 24–172.
52. Dumont, “Jewish Communities in Turkey,” 212–13.
72 · Ömer Turan
53. Iancu, Jews in Romania, 68–76, 184.
54. Raphael Vago, “Romanian Jewry during the Interwar Period,” in The
Tragedy of Romanian Jewry, ed. Randolph L. Braham (New York: Columbia Uni-
versity Press, 1994), 29–56.
55. Alexander Kitroeff, “Approaches to the Study of the Holocaust in the Bal-
kans,” in Holocaust Literature: A Handbook of Critical, Historical, and Literary Writ-
ings, ed. Saul S. Friedman (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993), 301–20.
56. Jean Ancel, “German-Romanian Relations during the Second World
War,” in The Tragedy of Romanian Jewry, ed. Braham, 57–76; Radu Florian, “The
Antonescu Regime: History and Mystification,” ibid., 77–116; and Radu Ioanid,
“The Antonescu Era,” ibid., 117–72. See also Randolph L. Braham, ed., The De-
struction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews during the Antonescu Era (Boulder: Social
Science Monographs; New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
57. Hildrun Glass, “Romanian Jews in the Early Years of Communist Rule:
Notes on the Myth of ‘Jewish Communism,’“ Jews and Slavs, ed. Moskovich et
al., 12:101–108.
58. Popovic, Balkanlarda Islam, 127.
59. Müstecip Ülküsal, Dobruca ve Türkler, 2nd ed. (Ankara: Türk Kültürünü
Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1987), 38–58.
60. Irsel Abdula, “Türkiye-Romanya Arasında Göç ve Göçmen Meselesi
(1878–1940)” (master’s thesis, University of Ankara, 2005), 60–106.
61. Ülküsal, Dobruca ve Türkler, 245–53.
62. For further information on the effect of 1877–78 Ottoman-Russian War on
Bulgarian Turks and their situation during the Bulgarian Principality, see Turan,
The Turkish Minority, 119–296.
63. For anti-Semitic publications of that period, see Paounovsky, “Anti-Sem-
itism in Bulgaria,” 60–65.
64. Ömer Turan, “Turkish Migration from Bulgaria,” in Forced Ethnic Migra-
tions on the Balkans: Consequences and Rebulding of Societies (Sofia: IMIR, 2006),
84–85.
65. Paounovsky, “Anti-Semitism in Bulgaria,” 65.
66. Boyka Vassileva, “The Jewish Community in Bulgaria in the 1940s,” in
Last Ottoman Century, ed. Rozen, 2:239–45. When the Vardar Region of Macedo-
nia was occupied by Bulgaria in April 1941, there were about 8,000 Jews living
in that region. “The Jews who survived brought to the Jewish cemetery of Butel-
Skopje urns containing ashes from Treblinka, where 7,315 Macedonian Jews had
been put to death.” Maria Pandevska, “The Rescue of the Jews of Macedonia
(1941–1943): Options and Opportunities,” in Last Ottoman Century , ed. Rozen,
2:247–57.
67. Vassileva, “Jewish Community in Bulgaria,” 240–43.
68. Paounovsky, “Anti-Semitism in Bulgaria,” 74–75.
69. Vassileva, “Jewish Community in Bulgaria,” 243–45.
70. Paounovsky, “Anti-Semitism in Bulgaria,” 75–76.
Sharing the Same Fate: Muslims and Jews of the Balkans · 73
71. For the Turks of Bulgaria after World War II, see Bilal Şimşir, The Turks of
Bulgaria (1878–1985) (London: K. Rustem and Brother, 1986), 78–114; Hüseyin
Memişoğlu, Bulgaristan’da Türk Kültürü (Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma
Enstitüsü, 1995), 136–47, 164–67.
72. For the Turks of Bulgaria, after Bulgaria achieved democracy, see Ömer
Turan, “Bulgaristan Türklerinin Bugünkü Durumu,” Yeni Türkiye, no. 3 (March–
April 1995): 294–301.
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