particular interest in
reading.
9. Purpose
The reader is aware of a clear
purpose in reading: for example, to
find out something, to get pleasure.
The reader has no clear
purpose other than to obey
the teacher’s instruction.
10.
Strategies
The reader uses different strategies
for different kinds of reading.
The reader uses the same
strategy for all texts.
© Cambridge University Press 1996
260
1.
and 2. The texts should be accessible: if learners cannot understand vital
information without looking up words or being given extra information from
elsewhere then the activity may improve their vocabulary and general
knowledge, but will be less useful as an aid to improving their reading skills as
such. Note that the appropriateness of language level depends to some extent
on the task: quite a difficult text may provide useful reading for an
intermediate class if the task demands understanding only of those parts that
are readily comprehensible to them.
3.
There is some controversy over whether you can in fact improve reading speed
as such through training; and in any case different reading purposes demand
different speeds. In my opinion, the most useful thing we can do as teachers is to
provide our students with the opportunities to do as much (successful) reading as
possible, including a varied diet of types of reading (fast, slow, skimming,
scanning, studying). The aim is to encourage ‘automatization’ of recognition of
common words or word-combinations, this being in general the crucial
contributory factor to reading speed.
4.
Scanning tasks (where the student is asked in advance to look out for a specific
item of information while reading) are very useful for getting learners to read
selectively. Careful selection of texts (see (1) above) is also important. Finally,
this is a place where frank explanation of efficient reading strategy (for example,
where the teacher ‘legitimizes’ skipping insignificant parts of a text for certain
tasks) can help learners help themselves.
5.
Again, tasks aimed at encouraging learners to guess or ‘do without’ words can
help to habituate them to using these strategies. The dictionary is often over-
used, resulting in slower, less fluent reading, as well as frequent
misunderstanding through the selection of the wrong definition. Learners should,
of course, know how to use the dictionary, but they should also learn when it is
necessary and when an intelligent guess is preferable. On the whole, the
dictionary is best used as a means to confirm or disprove a preliminary guess of
their own, based on understanding of the context.
6.
There are tasks which specifically encourage prediction, such as ‘What do you
think will happen next?’ or ‘What do you think the next few words will be?’
7.
Tasks should encourage learners to apply their own background knowledge and
experience to the reading of texts.
8.
and 9. On the whole, it is best to give the task in advance, so that learners know
what their purpose is in reading. The exception is the case of extensive reading
(novels or stories, for example) when the reading material is motivating in itself
261
and a task may actually distract and spoil the reader’s enjoyment.
10.
We should make sure that our learners are provided with a variety of
different kinds of reading tasks, and encourage them explicitly to use different
strategies (‘Just skim through this quickly and get the main idea’; ‘You’ll find
you have to study this fairly carefully to grasp the author’s prejudices; look for
...’).
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