Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan

1.66 [1.49 – 1.83]
 0.48 [0.43 – 0.53]
 
0.16 [0.14 – 0.18]
 0.34 [0.31 – 0.37]
 -0.05 [-0.15 – 0.05]
 0.35 [0.25 – 0.65]
 0.07 [0.02 – 0.12]
 
-0.2 [-0.4 – 0.0]
 
0.1 [0.0 – 0.2]
 
-0.5 [-0.9 – -0.1]
 -0.7 [-1.8 – -0.3]
 
0.01 [0.003 – 0.03]
 0.12 [0.06 – 0.30]
 
1.6 [0.6 – 2.4]
CO
2
N
2
O
CH
4
-2 
-1 
0 
1 
2
Within the last 10 000 years, especially in the last century, the 
concentration of the three major greenhouse gases has significantly 
increased in the Earth’s atmo sphere. Consequently, the intensity 
of  solar  radiation  reflected  back  to  the  Earth’s  surface  has  also 
increased (Figure 4.19).
Figure 4.18. 
Mean 
global radiation 
intensity for the main 
factors affecting the 
Earth’s climate system. 
The value of solar 
radiation intensity 
(radiation amount) 
indicates changes 
in reflected energy 
that would occur at 
the upper limit of the 
troposphere if the 
respective component 
were completely 
eliminated from the 
atmosphere.

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4. HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
 65
CO
2
 (ppb)
CH
4
 (ppb)
N
2
O (ppb)
Solar r
adiation intensity 
(W
 m-
2
)
400
350
300
1800  1900  2000
year
400
350
300
1800  1900  2000
year
400
350
300
1800  1900  2000
year
Time period (before 2005) 
350
300
250
1
0
2000
1500
1000
500
0.4
0.2
0
330
300
270
0.1
0
10000 
5000 
0
10000 
5000 
0
10000 
5000 
0
The biosphere (of both water and dry land) affects the compo-
sition of the atmosphere, assimilating carbon dioxide on the one 
hand and releasing oxygen and water vapour on the other hand. 
The  biosphere  plays  a  major  role  in  the  carbon  cycle.  Although 
the  components  of  the  climate  system  have  different  chemical 
compositions and physical properties and their effect on the Earth’s 
climate formation is different, there is a constant exchange of matter 
and  energy  going  on  among  them.  Any  changes  in  any  climate 
system  component  –  irrespective  of  whether  they  are  caused  by 
natural or by human activity – can affect the other components of 
the system and result in climate change. Climate change can occur 
as a result of both natural processes and human activity. The latter 
first of all affects the composition of the atmosphere as well as the 
ways of land use.