partnerships
Propose a goal and
a direction / the
future
Have a personal
impact (example)
Think strategically
Get the best out of
people
Learn and improve
Emphasize the
delivery of services
Be the principal
policy adviser
Master public and
private
management
Be centred on
results
Know how to
manage contracts
and networks
Adapted leadership
/global vision
Interpersonal
relationships
External relations
Adaptability
Ability to negotiate
Evaluation of
performance
Charismatic
leadership
Management of
knowledge
Human-resource
management
Management of
networks
Innovation and
continuous learning
Ability to manage
projects
Communication
Intellectual
competencies:
cognitive ability,
creativity and the
ability to shape
the future (vision)
Management
competencies:
taking action,
organizational
understanding,
teamwork, and the
management of
partnerships
Human-relation
competencies:
interpersonal
relationships and
communication
skills
Personal qualities:
vitality, ethical
values, personality
(perseverance and
self-control),
flexibility, and self-
confidence
39
… Competencies of Senior Managers: A Look at Some OECD Countries
In order to compare the focus of competencies, four variables have been re-
tained: governance, management techniques, administrative leadership, and policy
leadership. It is understood that governance refers to a competency profile that
emphasizes the global management of government and its workings, the relation-
ships with the external players like partnerships and alliances, and centralization/
decentralization. Management techniques refer to approaches inspired by what is
called the new public management and best management practices (Pollitt, 1995).
Administrative leadership concerns the position of senior managers in the man-
agement of public affairs. Finally, policy leadership refers to the role that senior
managers would like to play in the field of policy analysis and advice. Leadership,
whether administrative or policy-oriented, is at the centre of public-management
competencies. It is often the most sought-after competency by both public and
private organizations (Hackett, M. and P. Spurgeon, 1998; Dunon, 2002).
Table III
Focus of Competency Profiles
COUNTRY
GOVERNANCE
MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
ADMINISTRATIVE
LEADERSHIP
POLICY
LEADERSHIP
THE UNITED STATES
X
X
THE UNITED KINGDOM
X
AUSTRALIA
X
X
FRANCE
X
X
CANADA
X
X
No competency profile is based purely on governance. Thus, competencies
like knowing how to share the power to administer and to govern, being open to
the participation of citizens, being able to manage decentralization and devolution
are absent. That can be explained in at least three ways. First, it is possible that
the respondents consider that it has to do with collective, rather than individual,
competencies. Second, they might think that competencies relating to governance
are a matter for the political domain. Finally, seeing that the five countries (the
United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, France and Canada) have already
undertaken reforms in the field of governance, the respondents do not see gover-
nance competencies as essential in the future.
All the profiles put an emphasis on management techniques that are similar to
those of the private sector. With the exception of France, the other four countries
have witnessed fundamental reforms touching upon the role of government, struc-
tures, the processes of human-resource and budget management (Aucoin, 1995;
Halligan, 1997; Ferlie et al., 1996); France stands alone in this area. The other
countries have already gone through the process of questioning the appropriate
models of governance, and it seems that they intend to concentrate on best man-
agement practices in the future. Although France has seen several reforms over the
last decade, such as a reflection on the role of the State, decentralization and closer
ties between the public administration and citizens (Postif, 1997), it has remained
40
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