1 Some nouns can take a particular preposition.
f
Method, answer etc
a way/method of improving your memory the question of finance
the answer/solution/key to the problem a scheme for combating crime
the cause of/reason for the accident
g Need, wish etc
These nouns take for: appetite, application, demand, desire, need, preference,
request, taste, wish.
a need for low-cost housing a desire for peace and quiet
NOTE
Hope takes
of or for.
There's no chance/hope of getting there in time.
Our hopes of/for a good profit were disappointed.
h Opinion, belief etc
yo
ur opinion of the film his attitude to/towards his colleagues
a belief in conservative values an attack on the scheme
no regard/respect for our institutions sympathy for the losers
people's reaction to the news
i Report, complaint etc
a report on/about agriculture a comment on/about the situation
an interview with the President about the military action
a complaint about the noise
j Student, ability etc
a student of law great ability in/at music
a knowledge of the rules research into waste-recycling
her skill at handling people an expert on/at/in work methods
some experience of/in selling
NOTE
Compare
success in, success at and
make a success of.
We had some success in our attempts to raise money.
I never had any success at games.
Alan made a success of the taxi business.
k Trouble etc
having trouble with the computer What's the matter with it?
some damage to my car a difficulty over/with the arrangements
a lack of money
PAGE 316
28 PHRASAL VERBS AND PATTERNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
29
Sentences with more than one
clause
238 Summary
Types of clause • 239
A sentence has one or more main clauses. A main clause has a finite verb. We use
and, or, but and
so to join main clauses.
It was late, and I was tired.
We use because, when, if, that etc in a sub clause.
I was tired because I'd been working.
It was late when I got home.
A sub clause can be non-finite.
I was too tired to do anything else.
I was tired after working all day.
Clause combinations • 240
A sentence can consist of a number of main clauses and sub clauses.
Tenses in sub clauses • 241
We often use the same tense in the main clause and sub clause.
They found an interpreter who spoke all three languages.
After expressions such as wish, we use the past simple or past perfect for
something unreal.
I wish the climate here was warmer.
Natalie looked as if she'd seen a ghost.
The subjunctive • 242
We can use the subjunctive in a few formal contexts.
They requested that the ban be lifted.
We'd rather there were a doctor present.
239 Types of clause
ATTEMPTED SUICIDE
A New York painter decided to end it all by throwing himself off the Empire State
Building. He took the lift up to the 86th floor, found a convenient window and
jumped. A gust of wind caught him as he fell and blew him into the studios of
NBC television on the 83rd floor. There was a live show going out, so the
interviewer decided to ask the would-be suicide a few questions. He admitted that
he'd changed his mind as soon as he'd jumped.
(from J. Reid It Can't Be True!)
29 SENTENCES WITH MORE THAN ONE CLAUSE PAGE 318
1 Main clauses
a We can use and to join two main clauses.
The man went up to the 86th floor and he jumped.
His paintings weren't selling, and he had money problems.
Two main clauses linked together are 'co-ordinate clauses'.
When the subject is the same in both clauses, we can leave it out of the second one.
The man went up to the 86th floor and (he) jumped.
A gust of wind caught him and (it) blew him back into the building.
NOTE
a For ways of punctuating two main clauses,• 56(2).
b As well as the subject, we can leave out the auxiliary to avoid repeating it.
I've peeled the potatoes and (I've) washed them.
He was taken to hospital and (he was) examined.
c We can join more than two clauses. Usually and comes only before the last one.
He took the lift up, found a convenient window and jumped.
b We can also use or, but and so in co-ordinate clauses.
We can take a taxi or (we can) wait for a bus. • 245
He jumped off the 86th floor but (he) survived. • 246
There was a show going out, so they asked him some questions. • 247
NOTE
In informal English
and can also mean 'but' or 'so' depending on the context.
He jumped off and survived. (= but)
The doctors found nothing wrong with him and sent him home. (= so)
c The two clauses can be separate sentences.
The man went up to the 86th floor. And he jumped.
He jumped. But then something amazing happened.
d And, or and but can also join phrases or words.
The painter and the interviewer had a chat. • 13
The man was shaken but unhurt. • 202(2,3)
2 Sub clauses
a Sometimes one clause can be part of another.
A gust of wind caught him as he fell.
He admitted that he'd changed his mind.
Here as he fell and that he'd changed his mind are 'subordinate clauses' or
sub clauses. In a sub clause we can use because, when, if, that etc.
b The word order in the sub clause is the same as in the main clause.
He admitted that he'd changed his mind.
NOT He admitted that he his mind had changed.
c A sub clause is part of the main clause, in the same way as a phrase is.
For example, it can be an adverbial or an object.
Adverbial: A gust of wind caught him on the way down.
• 248 A gust of wind caught him as he fell.
Object: He admitted his mistake.
• 262(1) He admitted that he'd changed his mind.
PAGE 319
240 Clause combinations
Another kind of sub clause is a relative clause. •271
A man who had money problems threw himself off the building.
This clause modifies a man.
3 Finite and non-finite clauses
a A finite clause has a main verb.
He regrets now that he jumped.
You can go up to the top of the building.
A finite clause can be a main clause (He regrets now) or a sub clause (that he
jumped).
NOTE
A finite clause has a subject unless we leave it out to avoid repetition.
The wind caught him and (it) blew him through the window.
b A non-finite clause has an infinitive, • 115; a gerund, • 128; or
a participle, • 134.
To tell you the truth, I was terrified.
He regrets now having jumped.
The people watching the show were astonished.
NOTE
A non-finite clause often has no subject, but it can have one.
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