Although expecting the news, I was greatly shocked by it.
This pattern is a little more formal than a finite clause such as when you use an
electric saw. It is common in instructions.
NOTE
a We can also use a passive participle after as, e.g. as seen on TV.
b A similar pattern is preposition + gerund. • 132(8)
4 Reason
a A participle clause can express reason.
Crowds were waiting at the airport, hoping to see Madonna arrive.
(= ... because they were hoping to see her arrive.)
Not feeling very well, James decided to lie down.
Having lost my passport, I have to apply for a new one.
The restaurant having closed, there was nowhere to eat.
Being rather busy, I completely forgot the time.
The participle clause can be rather literary. For other ways of expressing
reason, • 2 5 1 .
b In the passive we can use a simple, continuous or perfect participle.
He died at thirty, struck down by a rare disease.
In summer the ducks have it easy, always being fed by tourists.
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