Nominal clauses may also be indirect interrogatives:
What he didn’t know was the name of the person standing by my side.
They have to decide who to give the treatment to.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
317
Types of relative clause
317a
Relative clauses are of two main kinds: embedded clauses which postmodify noun
heads, and
which-clauses referring to a whole sentence or stretch of discourse
(sentential relative clauses).
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Relative clauses (in green in the examples below) may define or describe a
preceding noun head (bold in the examples below).
Relative clauses which define the noun are called defining (or, in some
grammar books, restrictive):
——————|
The guy
who shouted
must have been on about the seventh floor.
(defines the guy; specifies which guy is being referred to)
————————————————|
This is the problem
which we’re having at the moment
.
(defines the problem; specifies which problem is being referred to)
————————|
That woman
that was here
lost all her keys.
(defines the woman; specifies which woman is being referred to)
Relative clauses which describe the noun are called non-defining (or, in some
grammar books, non-restrictive):
————————————————————|
Have you ever heard of Guy Preston,
who had a hit song with ‘Loving Ways’
?
(describes or gives extra information about Guy Preston)
—————————————————|
Erm there’s Portugal, there’s Las Palmas,
which is one of the Canary Islands
,
and there’s Rhodes.
(describes or gives extra information about Las Palmas)
Sentential relative clauses
Sentential relative clauses comment on a whole previous sentence or series of
clauses, or a speaker turn, or a longer stretch of discourse. They are introduced by
which. Their most frequent function in informal spoken language is to express
evaluation:
He’s always in the office and then he complains about not having any time off
and how wonderful he is to the company,
which is his own fault
.
(comments on the previous clauses)
566 | Clause combination
Cambridge Grammar of English
In conversation, sentential relative clauses may be added by a second speaker:
A: I should use my qualification but you know I think I’ll probably look back if
I haven’t done something with it and think ‘Oh I wonder what, you know,
what if I’d …?’.
B:
Which is not good
.
A: Mm.
(comments on previous clauses/a speaker turn)
[A is a travel agent, B is a customer, discussing flight schedules]
A: No that’s coming back 12 o’clock, coming home midday, but that one, the
one going out, it gets in at 7 in the morning.
B:
Which is fine
isn’t it?
Occasionally, the same speaker may add on a sentential relative clause after a
response by a listener:
A: It cost £20.
B: Oh right.
A:
Which I know is quite a lot
.
B: Mm.
Sometimes such clauses may be added by more than one speaker:
A: Any other ideas? Any way you could prop the business up or, you know take …
B: Not at the moment.
A: Mm.
C: Not without having to go heavily into debt on a mortgage on a
re-mortgage or have a personal loan.
A: Mm.
B:
Which is the one thing we don’t want to do
.
C:
Which at the moment none of us can afford
.
(two sentential clauses commenting on the notion of ‘going heavily into debt’)
Relative pronouns
317b
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. The relative pronouns are
who,
whom,
which,
that and
whose. The choice of relative pronoun depends on
whether the reference is to:
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