Party from 2014 to 2020. Calling humans vermin is a prelude to
violence. In 1994, broadcasts from Radio Rwanda labelled Tutsis as
‘inyenzi’, or cockroaches, and ‘ibinhindugemb’, or heinous monsters,
who consumed the organs of Hutus. Similarly, during the Armenian
genocide, the Armenians were called an ‘invasive infection in Muslim
Turkish society’ and ‘parasites outside the confines of their homeland,
sucking off the marrow of the people of the host country, before moving
on to another host country’.
NOTES
PROLOGUE: (My) Ishmael
1
. Elie Wiesel, ‘Con l’incubo che tutto sia accaduto invano’, La Stampa,
Turin, 14 April 1987, p. 3.
INTRODUCTION
1
. Amartya Sen, ‘Imperial Illusions,’ New Republic, 31 December 2007,
https://newrepublic.com/article/61784/imperial-illusions
.
2
. Ian Copland, ‘Princely States and the Raj,’ Economic and Political
Weekly, 39, no. 8, 2004, pp. 807–809,
www.jstor.org/stable/4414671
.
3
. Ian J. Barrow, Making History, Drawing Territory: British Mapping in
India, c. 1756–1905, Oxford University Press, New York, 2003, pp.
83–84; ‘James Rennell: The Father of the Indian Survey,’ University
of Michigan Online Exhibits,
https://www.lib.umich.edu/online-
exhibits/exhibits/show/india-maps/rennell
:
‘Aside
from
the
precisionist aspect of the Great Trigonometrical Survey it should be
noted that there was always a strong element of control in the
mapping of South Asia. As Ian Barrow states: “there was a sense
among surveyors and the [East India Company]’s high bureaucracy
that trigonometrical mapping would enhance the reputation of the
Company as an enlightened patron because of its rigorous and
scientific nature . . . This rhetoric of scientific progress and
improvement was a significant factor contributing to the character of
colonial rule in India during the nineteenth century. The Survey not
only helped the state gather information and knowledge, it also—and
this was its greatest advantage over route surveys—added legitimacy
to colonial rule by making it seem that this form of science in India
would not only result in India’s progress but would also improve
geodesy.”’
4
. Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, ‘Rethinking Indian Communalism:
Culture and Counter-Culture’, Asian Survey, 33, no. 7, July 1993, pp.
722–737,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645359
.
5
. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11
th
ed. (1910–11), vol. 14, s.v. ‘India’, p.
386.
6
. Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Atif R. Mian, ‘The Big
March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India’, HKS Working
Paper No. RWP08-029, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School
of
Government,
Cambridge,
MA,
2008,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1124093
.
7
. Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Khwaja and Atif Mian, ‘The big march:
migratory flows after the partition of India’, Economic and Political
Weekly, 2008, p. 39.
8
. Joya Chatterji, ‘The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and
Bengal’s Border Landscape, 1947–52’, Modern Asian Studies, 33, no.
1, 1999, p. 186,
www.jstor.org/stable/313155
.
9
. Kuldip Nayar, Scoop!: Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present,
HarperCollins Publishers, Noida, 2006, p. 34.
10
. Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Atif R. Mian, ‘The Big
March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India’, HKS Working
Paper No. RWP08-029, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy
School
of
Government,
Cambridge,
MA,
2008,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1124093
;
Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim I. Khwaja and Atif R. Mian, ‘Population
Exchange and its Impact on Literacy, Occupation and Gender:
Evidence from the Partition of India’, International Migration, 53,
vol. 4, 2014, pp. 90–106,
https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12039
.
11
. Margaret Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself, Simon and Schuster,
New York, 1963, p. 187.
12
. Harsha Kumari Singh, ‘Muslim Folk Singer Killed Over
Performance; 200 Muslims Flee Village’, NDTV, 11 October 2017,
https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/200-muslims-leave-village-after-
a-folk-singer-killed-allegedly-by-priest-1761507
.
13
. ‘Violent Cow Protection in India: Vigilante Groups Attack
Minorities’, Human Rights Watch, 18 February 2019,
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/02/18/violent-cow-protection-
india/vigilante-groups-attack-minorities
.
14
. Sugam Pokharel and Catherine E. Shoichet, ‘This 6-year-old from
India died in the Arizona desert. She loved dancing and dreamed of
meeting her dad’, CNN, 12 July 2019.
15
. Devjyot Ghoshal, ‘Amit Shah Vows to Throw Illegal Immigrants
into
Bay
of
Bengal,’
Reuters,
12
April
2019,
https://www.reuters.com/article/india-election-speech/amit-shah-
vows-to-throw-illegal-immigrants-into-bay-of-bengal-
idUSKCN1RO1YD
.
16
. Faizan Mustafa and Aymen Mohammed, ‘Ayodhya judgement is a
setback to evidence law’, The Indian Express, 10 November 2019,
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/supreme-court-
ayodhya-verdict-ram-mandir-muslims-hindu-babri-mosque-
demolition-6112170/
; Ipsita Chakravarty, ‘What explains the silence
among Muslim communities on the Ayodhya judgment?’, Scroll, 14
November 2019,
https://scroll.in/article/943510/what-explains-the-
silence-among-muslim-communities-on-the-ayodhya-judgment
;
Soutik Biswas, ‘Babri mosque: India’s Muslims feel more
abandoned
than
ever’,
BBC,
30
September
2020,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54356713
.
17
. Founded in 1996 by Gregory Stanton, Genocide Watch is an
American watchdog organisation that exists to predict, prevent, stop
and punish genocide and other forms of mass murder. Gregory H.
Stanton, ‘Genocide Alert for Kashmir, India’, Genocide Watch, 15
August
2019,
https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-
post/2019/08/15/Genocide-Alert-for-Kashmir-India
; Gregory H.
Stanton, ‘Genocide Watch for Assam, India – Renewed’, Genocide
Watch,
renewed
18
August
2019,
https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2019/08/18/Genocide-
Watch-for-Assam-India---renewed
.
18
. ‘CAA Has Made 6 Lakh Refugees Stateless, Says Rights Group’,
The
Hindu,
19
March
2020,
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/caa-has-made-
6-lakh-refugees-forever-stateless-says-rights-
group/article31103492.ece
.
19
. Christophe Jaffrelot, ‘Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at
Risk?’, Working Paper no. 17, Heidelberg Papers in South Asian
and Comparative Politics, University of Heidelberg, Germany, July
2003,
https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00004127
.
20
. Suchitra Vijayan, ‘Heckling Asaduddin Owaisi in Parliament with
Chants of Jai Shri Ram Smacks of an Age-Old Idea of Muscular,
Divisive
Hindutva’,
Firstpost,
20
June
2019,
https://www.firstpost.com/india/heckling-asaduddin-owaisi-in-
parliament-with-chants-of-jai-shri-ram-smacks-of-an-age-old-idea-
of-muscular-divisive-hindutva-6850771.html
.
21
. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism, Vintage Books, New
York, 1994, p. 3.
22
. ‘Borders only become borders when cartographies come into
existence’: Professor Romila Thapar. Notes from the open-house
organised by ‘History for Peace’ on 24 December 2017 in Kolkata,
https://archive.indianculturalforum.in/2017/12/28/borders-only-
become-borders-when-cartographies-come-into-existence-professor-
romila-thapar-somok-roy/
.
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