First published by Context, an imprint of Westland Publications Private


Party  from  2014  to  2020.  Calling  humans  vermin  is  a  prelude  to



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Midnight s Borders A People s History of Modern India


Party  from  2014  to  2020.  Calling  humans  vermin  is  a  prelude  to
violence.  In  1994,  broadcasts  from  Radio  Rwanda  labelled  Tutsis  as
‘inyenzi’,  or  cockroaches,  and  ‘ibinhindugemb’,  or  heinous  monsters,
who  consumed  the  organs  of  Hutus.  Similarly,  during  the  Armenian
genocide,  the  Armenians  were  called  an  ‘invasive  infection  in  Muslim
Turkish  society’  and  ‘parasites  outside  the  confines  of  their  homeland,
sucking off the marrow of the people of the host country, before moving
on to another host country’.


NOTES
PROLOGUE: (My) Ishmael
1
. Elie Wiesel, ‘Con l’incubo che tutto sia accaduto invano’, La Stampa,
Turin, 14 April 1987, p. 3.
INTRODUCTION
1
. Amartya Sen, ‘Imperial Illusions,’ New Republic, 31 December 2007,
https://newrepublic.com/article/61784/imperial-illusions
.
2
.  Ian  Copland,  ‘Princely  States  and  the  Raj,’  Economic  and  Political
Weekly, 39, no. 8, 2004, pp. 807–809, 
www.jstor.org/stable/4414671
.
3
. Ian J. Barrow, Making History, Drawing Territory: British Mapping in
India, c. 1756–1905,  Oxford  University  Press,  New  York,  2003,  pp.
83–84; ‘James Rennell: The Father of the Indian Survey,’ University
of  Michigan  Online  Exhibits, 
https://www.lib.umich.edu/online-
exhibits/exhibits/show/india-maps/rennell

‘Aside 
from 
the
precisionist  aspect  of  the  Great  Trigonometrical  Survey  it  should  be
noted  that  there  was  always  a  strong  element  of  control  in  the
mapping  of  South  Asia.  As  Ian  Barrow  states:  “there  was  a  sense
among  surveyors  and  the  [East  India  Company]’s  high  bureaucracy
that  trigonometrical  mapping  would  enhance  the  reputation  of  the
Company  as  an  enlightened  patron  because  of  its  rigorous  and
scientific  nature  .  .  .  This  rhetoric  of  scientific  progress  and
improvement was a significant factor contributing to the character of
colonial  rule  in  India  during  the  nineteenth  century.  The  Survey  not
only helped the state gather information and knowledge, it also—and
this was its greatest advantage over route surveys—added legitimacy
to colonial rule by making it seem that this form of science in India


would  not  only  result  in  India’s  progress  but  would  also  improve
geodesy.”’
4
.  Cynthia  Keppley  Mahmood,  ‘Rethinking  Indian  Communalism:
Culture and Counter-Culture’, Asian Survey, 33, no. 7, July 1993, pp.
722–737, 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645359
.
5
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11
th
 ed. (1910–11), vol. 14, s.v. ‘India’, p.
386.
6
.  Prashant  Bharadwaj,  Asim  Ijaz  Khwaja  and  Atif  R.  Mian,  ‘The  Big
March:  Migratory  Flows  after  the  Partition  of  India’,  HKS  Working
Paper No. RWP08-029, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School
of 
Government, 
Cambridge, 
MA, 
2008,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1124093
.
7
.  Prashant  Bharadwaj,  Asim  Khwaja  and  Atif  Mian,  ‘The  big  march:
migratory flows after the partition of India’, Economic and Political
Weekly, 2008, p. 39.
8
. Joya Chatterji, ‘The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and
Bengal’s Border Landscape, 1947–52’, Modern Asian Studies, 33, no.
1, 1999, p. 186, 
www.jstor.org/stable/313155
.
9
. Kuldip Nayar, Scoop!: Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present,
HarperCollins Publishers, Noida, 2006, p. 34.
10
. Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Atif R. Mian, ‘The Big
March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India’, HKS Working
Paper  No.  RWP08-029,  Harvard  University,  John  F.  Kennedy
School 
of 
Government, 
Cambridge, 
MA, 
2008,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1124093
;
Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim I. Khwaja and Atif R. Mian, ‘Population
Exchange  and  its  Impact  on  Literacy,  Occupation  and  Gender:
Evidence from the Partition of India’, International Migration,  53,
vol. 4, 2014, pp. 90–106, 
https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12039
.
11
.  Margaret  Bourke-White,  Portrait  of  Myself,  Simon  and  Schuster,
New York, 1963, p. 187.
12
.  Harsha  Kumari  Singh,  ‘Muslim  Folk  Singer  Killed  Over
Performance; 200 Muslims Flee Village’, NDTV, 11 October 2017,
https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/200-muslims-leave-village-after-
a-folk-singer-killed-allegedly-by-priest-1761507
.


13
.  ‘Violent  Cow  Protection  in  India:  Vigilante  Groups  Attack
Minorities’,  Human  Rights  Watch,  18  February  2019,
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/02/18/violent-cow-protection-
india/vigilante-groups-attack-minorities
.
14
.  Sugam  Pokharel  and  Catherine  E.  Shoichet,  ‘This  6-year-old  from
India died in the Arizona desert. She loved dancing and dreamed of
meeting her dad’, CNN, 12 July 2019.
15
.  Devjyot  Ghoshal,  ‘Amit  Shah  Vows  to  Throw  Illegal  Immigrants
into 
Bay 
of 
Bengal,’ 
Reuters
12 
April 
2019,
https://www.reuters.com/article/india-election-speech/amit-shah-
vows-to-throw-illegal-immigrants-into-bay-of-bengal-
idUSKCN1RO1YD
.
16
.  Faizan  Mustafa  and  Aymen  Mohammed,  ‘Ayodhya  judgement  is  a
setback to evidence law’, The Indian Express,  10  November  2019,
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/supreme-court-
ayodhya-verdict-ram-mandir-muslims-hindu-babri-mosque-
demolition-6112170/
; Ipsita Chakravarty, ‘What explains the silence
among Muslim communities on the Ayodhya judgment?’, Scroll, 14
November  2019, 
https://scroll.in/article/943510/what-explains-the-
silence-among-muslim-communities-on-the-ayodhya-judgment
;
Soutik  Biswas,  ‘Babri  mosque:  India’s  Muslims  feel  more
abandoned 
than 
ever’, 
BBC
30 
September 
2020,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54356713
.
17
.  Founded  in  1996  by  Gregory  Stanton,  Genocide  Watch  is  an
American watchdog organisation that exists to predict, prevent, stop
and  punish  genocide  and  other  forms  of  mass  murder.  Gregory  H.
Stanton,  ‘Genocide  Alert  for  Kashmir,  India’,  Genocide  Watch,  15
August 
2019, 
https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-
post/2019/08/15/Genocide-Alert-for-Kashmir-India
;  Gregory  H.
Stanton, ‘Genocide Watch for Assam, India – Renewed’, Genocide
Watch, 
renewed 
18 
August 
2019,
https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2019/08/18/Genocide-
Watch-for-Assam-India---renewed
.
18
.  ‘CAA  Has  Made  6  Lakh  Refugees  Stateless,  Says  Rights  Group’,
The 
Hindu
19 
March 
2020,
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/caa-has-made-


6-lakh-refugees-forever-stateless-says-rights-
group/article31103492.ece
.
19
.  Christophe  Jaffrelot,  ‘Communal  Riots  in  Gujarat:  The  State  at
Risk?’,  Working  Paper  no.  17,  Heidelberg  Papers  in  South  Asian
and Comparative Politics, University of Heidelberg, Germany, July
2003, 
https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00004127
.
20
.  Suchitra  Vijayan,  ‘Heckling  Asaduddin  Owaisi  in  Parliament  with
Chants  of  Jai  Shri  Ram  Smacks  of  an  Age-Old  Idea  of  Muscular,
Divisive 
Hindutva’, 
Firstpost
20 
June 
2019,
https://www.firstpost.com/india/heckling-asaduddin-owaisi-in-
parliament-with-chants-of-jai-shri-ram-smacks-of-an-age-old-idea-
of-muscular-divisive-hindutva-6850771.html
.
21
.  Edward  W.  Said,  Culture  and  Imperialism,  Vintage  Books,  New
York, 1994, p. 3.
22
.  ‘Borders  only  become  borders  when  cartographies  come  into
existence’:  Professor  Romila  Thapar.  Notes  from  the  open-house
organised by ‘History for Peace’ on 24 December 2017 in Kolkata,
https://archive.indianculturalforum.in/2017/12/28/borders-only-
become-borders-when-cartographies-come-into-existence-professor-
romila-thapar-somok-roy/
.
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