Figure 9. Structure of railway cargo (CSB, 2016)
Previously positive dynamics of the railway (also ports) cargo volume increase mainly was
generated coal and in the last years reached about one third of the total cargo volume. Russia is
one of the biggest coal suppliers to Europe (ensuring about 30% from total coal consumption
in Europe), but Russia ports infrastructure now cannot tranship all the volume. But there are
potential risks that in the nearest future coal cargo flow through Latvia ports can significantly
decrease because political decisions, development (increased capacity) of Russia ports and
decline of demand in Europe (because there is tendency to substitute coal to more environment
friendly energy sources). The first alarm signals can be observed already now – two year in the
row there is a railway cargo volume decrease (year 2015 total volume 55.6 mio tons, decline -
2%; year 2016 total volume 47.8 mio tons, decline -14%) and negative tendency continues also
in 2017. The optimal capacity of Latvia Railway is 60 mio tons now it used only by 75% which
have negative effect on rentability as increases share of fixed costs. There already has started
discussion regarding tariff increase, but it potentially could result in further cargo volume
decrease as new tariffs may not be competitive with neighbouring countries.
Latvian Railway is heavy depending from the Russia cargo. In the recent years there was
observed decline in total cargo volumes but the proportion of the Russia cargo even increased
– in the year 2012 around 71% was Russia originated cargo, now the proportion grown up to
80%. Cargo volume from other countries is relatively low and almost fully has stopped cargo
flow from Central Asia.
Despite decrease of cargo volume from Kazakhstan to the Latvian ports, Kazakhstan is still
partner of strategical importance as the shortest railway connection from Latvia to China goes
through the Kazakhstan. There have been several attempts to organize special container train
lines from Central Asia, China and Afghanistan to Latvian ports, but none of those routes could
be successful in the long term. According to transport industry’s entrepreneurs opinion it could
be explained because sea transport to Europe is still more costs efficient and there are no cargo
flow from Latvian ports to China and Central Asia therefore container trains are returning home
empty. That increases railway costs even more.
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