Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Khaled Abou El-Fadl, Speaking in 

God’s Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women (Oxford, 

U.K.: Oneworld Publications, 2001); Lila Abu-Lughod, 

Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Kamran 

Scott Aghaie, The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance 

and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi’i Islam (Austin: 

University of Texas Press, 2005); Leila Ahmed, Women 

and Gender in Islam, Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); Laleh 

Bakhtiar, Shariati on Shariati and the Muslim Woman: Who 

Was Ali Shariati? For Muslim Women: The Islamic Mod-

est Dress, Expectations from the Muslim Woman, Fatima 

Is Fatima and Guide to Shariati’s Collected Works (Chi-

cago: KAZI Publications, 1996); Asma Barlas, “Believing 

Women” in Islam, Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations 

of the Qur’an (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002); 

Marjo Buitelaar, Fasting and Feasting in Morocco: Women’s