A. OpenFlow QoS Model
Streaming multimedia applications such as Internet confer-
encing, IPTV, etc., all require a strict QoS (delay/jitter) con-
trol. As an example, the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) [100]
encodes a video segment into two parts: a base layer and one
or more enhancement layers. It is important to guarantee the
QoS of the base layer since it has the detailed pixel information.
However, current Internet structure cannot achieve high QoS for
base layers due to hard-to-control TCP connections. Moreover,
Internet tends to search the shortest path. Once that shortest
Fig. 17.
Controller subsystems to support QoS [95].
path is congested, a large percentage of packets are dropped.
However, OpenFlow does not stick to the shortest path. By
programming the controllers, we can easily adjust the flow
delivery rules. In [95] they proposed an OpenFlow-based video
delivery scheme which uses dynamic QoS model to guarantee
the best QoS for SVC base layer data.
QoS Optimization Model: In [95] an interesting OpenFlow
QoS model is proposed. The basic principle is as follows: it
formulates the dynamic QoS routing as a Constrained Shortest
path (CSP) problem. For video applications, it employs delay
variation as the constraint in the optimization function. It first
represent the entire SDN as a simple graph. It then defines a cost
function based on the delay variation constraint. The CSP prob-
lem aims to find the best path to minimize the cost function. To
meet the packet loss constraint, it also defines a combined con-
straint with the weighted sum of packet loss measure and delay
variation. The solution supports both level-1 and level-2 QoS
routes. Its results show that the average quality of video streams
is improved by 14% if only the base layer is rerouted. By
rerouting the video data in the enhancement layer together with
the base layer, the quality is further improved by another 6.5%.
B. Controller Architecture for QoS Optimization
The controller proposed in [96] has the functions of route
calculation and route management. Fig. 17 illustrates the con-
troller architecture with various sub-functions. The controller
has powerful capabilities to specify QoS requirements. It can
also directly control the flow table in order to differentiate
between different priorities of traffic. The communications be-
tween the controller and the switches may be secured by some
standards such as SSL.
Note that the forward layer has to implement the policing
functions in order to ensure that the clients obey the Service
Level Agreements (SLAs) specified in their QoS contracts.
The following three extra features should exist in the above
HU et al.: SURVEY ON SDN AND OPENFLOW: FROM CONCEPT TO IMPLEMENTATION
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Fig. 18.
QoSFlow modules [134].
architecture: (1) Resource monitoring: The forwarders should
comprehensively monitor their available network resources and
report periodically to the controller. The controller may poll the
forwarder for such profile. (2) Resource signaling: Each for-
warder should use signaling messages to communicate with the
controller on the current resource consumption so that certain
actions can be taken by the controller, such as updating the flow
table, changing QoS parameters, etc. (3) Resource reservation:
From time to time the controller may command a forwarder
to reserve certain resources for future QoS needs [99]. This
includes the reservation of buffer size, memory space, CPU
calculation time, and other resource requirements.
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