Kyrgyzstan a land‐locked mountainous country
Kyrgyzstan is a good example
of a transition country with
geographical characteristics
that makes transport policy
challenging. The country has
no direct access to the sea
and is located between
Uzbekistan,
Kazakhstan,
Tajikistan and China and thus
dependent on the use of
their transport links. In
addition to being landlocked
Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous
region and is often exposed
to
severe
weather
conditions.
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and technically explicit guidelines. The methods used to identify bottlenecks are mode
specific. The focus should be primarily on bottleneck identification because methodology for
recognizing missing links is less well developed and because their identification is better
done from an overall, pan‐European network perspective rather than link‐by‐link or country‐
by‐country. The UNECE also maintains an inventory of bottlenecks and missing links of the
European network of inland waterways of international importance.
Trade and transport facilitation (TTF) – special attention to land‐locked countries
The UNECE member states include nine “landlocked transition countries” as classified by the
Office of High Representative for the Least Developed, Landlocked Developing Countries and
Small Island Developing States (OHRLLS). They are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Border crossing
The multilateral agreements on transport and border crossing facilitation enable
international mobility of cargo, vehicles and their drivers at the disposal of the countries.
The so‐called TIR Convention and Harmonization Convention are good examples of the
UNECE’s work in this area. The International Convention on the Harmonization of Frontier
Controls of Goods (Harmonization Convention) aims to reduce the number and duration of
all types of controls, be it for health reasons (medico‐sanitary, veterinary, phytosanitary), for
reasons of compliance with technical standards or for quality inspections in general, and is
applicable to all goods in import, export or in transit. Fifty‐three States and the European
Community are Contracting Parties to this Convention. The Harmonization Convention also
establishes commonly agreed upon requirements for coordinated border management. In
May 2008, a new Annex 8 to the Convention came into force. This was the first time that an
annex to the Harmonization Convention deals with a particular mode of transport, i.e. road
transport, in recognition of the fact that the road transport industry should be considered as
the main beneficiary of the facilitation measures set out in the Convention. New Annex 8
covers, inter alia, facilitation of visa procedures for professional drivers, standardized
weighing operations and vehicle weight certificate, minimum infrastructure requirements
for efficient border crossing points and provisions to monitor the border crossing
performance.
The TIR convention
The TIR Convention has proved to be one
of the most effective international
instruments prepared under the auspices
of UNECE. It was drawn up originally for
European transport only. But this system
has gradually been extended to other
areas in the world, including Central Asia,
the Middle East, North Africa and Latin
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America. The TIR system applies to goods carried in road vehicles or containers, provided
that at least a portion of the journey is undertaken by road. Sixty‐seven States and the
European Community are Contracting Parties to the TIR Convention. More than 40,000
operators are authorized to use the TIR system and around 3 millions TIR transports are
carried out per year. In substance, the tremendous increase in the use of the TIR Customs
transit system can be explained by the special features of the TIR regime which offer
transport operators and Customs authorities a simple, flexible, cost‐effective and secure
Customs regime for the international transport of goods across frontiers. To make it even
more attractive, work continues on the computerization of the TIR procedure, in particular
the so‐called e‐TIR project which will provide for Customs‐to‐Customs information exchange
as well as a system for managing of guarantee information. The TIR computerization is
expected not only to facilitate goods transit operations, but also to contribute significantly to
the security of the international supply chain.
Trade facilitation
Trade facilitation has an important impact on the performance of international transport
links. In landlocked transition economies the procedures related to document preparation
and Customs clearance can take more time than the physical transport procedures. For
example, in Kazakhstan documentary and customs related procedures take 60% of the
overall time required for importing goods into the country
22
.
In the United Nations, UNECE is the focal point for setting global standards,
recommendations and best practice to facilitate international trade. UNECE develops these
standards in its Centre for Trade Facilitation and electronic Business (UN/CEFACT). The
Centre provides important standards for efficiency and security of cross border trade such as
the UN Layout Key for Trade Documents (UNLK) for simplification of international trade and
transport documents, the UN Trade Data Elements Directory (UNTDED, ISO 7372) for
standardization and simplification of trade data, the UN Recommendation on establishing a
Single Window and recommendations on the use of code lists for trade information
23
.
The Centre also develops international standards to automate the electronic exchange and
processing of information along the trade and transport supply chain: UN/EDIFACT (UN
Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport
24
) is the leading,
global standard for data interchange for the Customs, transport and the logistics sector.
Currently, the Centre is developing a set of new, Internet related eBusiness standards
including UN/CEFACT XML Message specifications
25
and the UN/CEFACT Core Component
Library
26
(CCL) which is a library of information and data definitions and structures used in
trade; for example, in the Data Model of the World Customs Organization.
22
Source: World Bank, www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kazakhstan/trading‐across‐borders/
23
www.unece.org/cefact/recommendations/rec_index.htm
24
www.unece.org/trade/untdid/welcome.htm
25
www.unece.org/cefact/xml_schemas/index.htm#2009B
26
www.unece.org/cefact/codesfortrade/unccl/CCL_index.htm
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Ports and their hinterland connection
The liberalization of international trade and increasing geographical dispersion of
manufacturing over the last two decades generated some unforeseen problems.
Considerable pressure has been placed on port ‐ hinterland connections, with consequent
economic, environmental and social problems. In particular, inefficient hinterland links lead
to increased supply chain costs and greater adverse environmental impacts.
Page 38 of 122
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