Introducing English Linguistics

morpheme
. The word premeasured contains two bound morphemes: pre-
and -ed.
broad reference:
Reference
to lengthy stretches of text. For instance, if one person utters,
Would you like to have dinner and see a movie, and another replies Yes, I’d like
that, the pronoun that refers back not to a single noun phrase, but to the
entire sequence to have dinner and see a movie.
broad transcription:
A phonetic transcription that captures only phonemic contrasts in words.
Compare with narrow transcription.
case:
Inflections or individual words indicating the grammatical role that a
word plays in a clause. In Modern English, pronouns are marked for three
cases: nominative (or subjective; e.g. I, he, she, they), accusative (or objective;
e.g. me, him, her, them), and genitive (or possessive; e.g. my/mine, his, her/hers,
their/theirs). Nouns are marked for only one case, the genitive (e.g. child’s, per-
son’s). Other languages have additional cases, such as dative or ablative.
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GLOSSARY

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cataphoric reference:
Reference
forwards in a text. In the sentence Although they were late, the stu-
dents were able to see the play, the pronoun they refers forward to the students.
Compare with anaphoric reference.
clause:
A syntactic unit that can be analysed into clause functions. For instance,
The car is old is a clause because it contains a subject, The car; a predicator,
is; and a subject complement, old.
clause function:
Functions such as subject, predicator, and object that indicate relation-
ships between elements in a clause. The noun phrase the car is subject in
The car is broken but object in I drove the car.
cleft sentence:
A sentence containing the sequence it
 be  NP  relative clause, as in
It was the door that I closed. Cleft sentences are used to emphasize some ele-
ment in the sentence, such as the door in the previous example.
closed class: