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II BOB. HAYOTNING EKOSISTEMA DARAJASIDAGI  
UMUMBIOLOGIK QONUNIYATLARI
3-§.  Hayotning  ekosistema  darajasi  xususiyatlari.   
Biogeotsenoz  –  biologik  sistema .....................................................................................14
4-§.  Ekosistemalarning  tarkibiy  qismlari ........................................................................18
5-§.  Organizmlarning  yashash  muhiti.  Suv  muhiti. .......................................................23
6-§.  Quruqlik-havo,  tuproq,  tirik  organizmlar  yashash  muhitlari  sifatida ....................30
7-§. 
Muhit  omillari  va  ularning  tasnifi ...........................................................................39
8-§. Y
orug‘lik – muhitning  ekologik  omili   ..................................................................47
9-§.  Harorat  –  muhitning  abiotik  omili ..........................................................................53
10-§.  Namlik  ekologik  omil  sifatida ...............................................................................58
11-§. 
Tuproq  va  topografik  omillar .................................................................................63
12-§.  Muhitning  biotik  omillari.  Tirik  organizmlar  o‘rtasidagi  munosabatlar .............67
13-§.  Antropogen  omillar .................................................................................................76
1-laboratoriya  mashg‘uloti ................................................................................................79
14-§.  Turning  populatsion  strukturasi .............................................................................81
15-§.  Turning  populatsion  strukturasi  (davomi) .............................................................86
16-§.  Ekotizimlarning  trofik  strukturasi ..........................................................................93
17-§.  Ekotizimlarning  mahsuldorligi .............................................................................100
18-§.  Ekologik  piramida  qoidasi.  Biomassa  va  energiya  piramidasi .........................102
2-laboratoriya  mashg‘uloti   ............................................................................................106
19-§.  Tabiiy  ekosistemalar. ............................................................................................107
20-§.  Markaziy  Osiyo  va  O‘zbekistonning  tabiiy  ekosistemalari ...............................112
21-§.  Sun’iy  ekosistemalar .............................................................................................117
22-§.  Biogeotsenozlarning  barqarorligi ..........................................................................122
23-§.  Inson  ekologiyasi ..................................................................................................126
3-laboratoriya  mashg‘uloti ..............................................................................................131

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