П о я с н ю в а л ь н а з а п и с к а

DEFOE’S INDIVIDUALISM
The novel "Robinson Crusoe" is a glorification of practicalness and energy, yet, when concentrated in an individual man, these qualities are exaggerated. According to Defoe, it follows that man can live by himself comfortably and make all the things he needs with no other humans, no other hands to assist him- This individualism is characteristic of Defoe, who fails to see that Crusoe succeeds in making most of the things he possessed only thanks to some tools he found on the ship, tools made by many other people. Besides, he possessed certain experience that he could only have had as a representative of the 18th century, that is to say, he had inherited the experience of the many generations who had lived on the earth before him. Defoe's Contribution to Literature
The novel "Robinson Crusoe" has become a tale of universal appeal, for the writer was fortunate enough to hit upon a theme that stirs the imagination of people of all ages and all times. The work is a glorification of human labour, a triumph of man over nature. It is not only a work of fiction, an account of adventures, a biography; it is a study of man, a great work showing man in relation to nature and civilization as well as in relation to labour and private property.
Defoe was a true writer of the Enlightenment. Breaking through the outworn convention he introduced the common man as the key-character of his novel. Defoe uses the manner of speech of the common people to whom he addresses himself.
The purpose of the author was to make his stories so lifelike that the reader's attention would be fixed only on the events. This is achieved by telling the story in the first person and by paying careful attention to concrete details. This produces the impression that the author himself had lived through all the adventures described by him.
There was no writer of the age who appealed to so wide a circle of readers as Defoe.


Lecture 12
The Theme: JONATHAN SWIFT (1667–1745)
The Plan

1. 
   His life and work.
   
2. 
   “Gulliver’s travels.
   

1. 
   A Voyage to Lilliput.
   
2. 
   A Voyage to Brobdingnag.
   
3. 
   A Voyage to Laputa.
   

3. 
   Swift, the greatest writer of the Enlightenment.
   

Literature
1. Аракин В.Д. Практический курс английского языка. – М.: Владос, 1998. – 536 с.
2. Abbs B. Starting Strategies. - Longman, 1977. Aston H. Streets Ahead. - Book 1. - OUP,1990.
3. Bell J. Pre-Intermediate. - Longman, 1995.
4. Black V. Fast Forward 1 .- OUP, 1986. - P. 7.
5. Hartley B. Streamline English Departures. – OUP, 1978. - P. 2 - 6.
6. Richards J. Interchange 1/-CUP, 1990. - P. 2 - 8.
7. Sinclair B. Active Your English. Pre-Intermediate. - CUP, 1995/
8. Soars L. Headway. Elementary.- OUP, 1993/
9. Swan M. The New Cambridge English Course. - CUP, 1991/
10. Vimey P. Grapevine 1 .- OUP, 1989.
11. Volosova T.D., Rogoff V.V. English Literature. – M.: Prosvescheniye, 1994. – 240 p.