CONTENT
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER I. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF METALLURGY
OF CASTING ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1. General characteristics of foundry metallurgy ............................................ 11
1.2. Basic principles and methods of melting ..................................................... 14
1.3. The basic principles of the preparation and calculation of the charge, material
and heat balance of melting ................................................................................. 20
1.4. General characteristics of cast iron melting ................................................ 26
1.5. General characteristics of steel melting ....................................................... 30
1.6. General characteristics of non-ferrous melting ........................................... 35
1.7. Basic principles and methods of processing cast alloys in a liquid state .... 39
CHAPTER I CONTROL QUESTIONS .............................................................. 47
CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BASES OF METALLURGICAL
PROCESSES ........................................................................................................... 48
2.1. General characteristics of the structure, properties and interactions of
substances ............................................................................................................ 48
2.2. Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics ............................................. 64
2.3. The structure of metallurgical phases .......................................................... 84
2.4. Solutions. Thermodynamic functions of components in solutions ............. 96
2.5. The mechanism of phase interaction processes ......................................... 106
2.6. Kinetics of metallurgical processes ........................................................... 113
CHAPTER II CONTROL QUESTIONS .......................................................... 118
CHAPTER III. MELTING OF CAST ALLOYS ................................................. 119
3.1. Charge materials ......................................................................................... 119
3.2. Physico-chemical characteristics of the cast iron melting process............ 130
3.3. Melting of cast iron in cupolas .................................................................. 156
3.4. Melting of cast iron in electric arc furnaces .............................................. 173
3.5. Melting of cast iron in induction furnaces ................................................. 177
3.6. Polyprocesses of melting Cast iron ........................................................... 184
3.7. Physico-chemical characteristics of the steel melting process .................. 189
3.8. Steel melting in an open-hearth furnace and convertors ........................... 199
3.9. Steel melting in electric furnaces ............................................................... 206
3.10. Non-ferrous alloy smelting furnaces ........................................................ 215
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3.11. Melting of Aluminum alloys ................................................................... 222
3.12. Melting of Magnesium alloys .................................................................. 230
3.13. Melting of Zinc alloys ............................................................................. 235
3.14. Melting of Copper alloys ......................................................................... 236
3.15. Melting of Nickel alloys .......................................................................... 246
3.16. Melting of Titanium alloys ...................................................................... 249
3.17. Melting alloys based on refractory metals ............................................... 251
CHAPTER III CONTROL QUESTIONS ......................................................... 253
CHAPTER IV. EXTERNAL PROCESSING OF CASTING ALLOYS ............. 255
4.1. Basic principles and methods of processing cast alloys in a liquid state .. 255
4.2. Refining ..................................................................................................... 261
4.3. Alloying ..................................................................................................... 275
4.4. Modification ............................................................................................... 277
CHAPTER IV CONTROL QUESTIONS ......................................................... 291
CHAPTER V. PRODUCTION OF HIGH-QUALITY CASTING ALLOYS ..... 292
5.1. Getting high quality lamellar cast iron ...................................................... 292
5.2. Getting high-strength nodular cast iron ..................................................... 298
5.3. Getting ductile iron .................................................................................... 301
5.4. Getting alloyed cast iron ............................................................................ 303
5.5. The technology for producing high-quality steel for castings ................... 306
5.6. Steel melting in plasma furnaces ............................................................... 307
5.7. Electroslag steel remelting ......................................................................... 310
5.8. Getting high-quality non-ferrous alloys .................................................... 315
CHAPTER V CONTROL QUESTIONS .......................................................... 321
CHAPTER VI. OPTIMIZATION OF MELTING PROCESSES ........................ 322
6.1. Calculation and optimization of melting processes .................................... 322
6.2. The basic principles of choosing a rational technology for
the preparation of aluminum alloys ................................................................... 326
CHAPTER VI CONTROL QUESTIONS ......................................................... 329
LITERATURE ...................................................................................................... 330
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KIRISH
Quymakorlik mashinasozlikning asosiy yarim mahsulot yetkazib beradigan
bazasidir va uning rivojlanishi sifatli quyma zagotovkalar olishga bog‗liqdir.
Quymakorlik qotishmalarining sifatini oshirish turli mashinalar va jixozlarni
ekspluatatsion xususiyatlarini ko‗taradi. Bugungi kunda mashinalarda quyma
detallar massasi bo‗yicha 60% dan oshig‗ini tashkil qiladi, metal qirqish
stanoklarida bu ko‗rsatgich 85% dan oshadi, tannarxi bo‗yicha 25% ga to‗g‗ri
keladi. Quyma detallari konkurentlik xususiyatlarini ko‗tarish turli qotishmalarni
ishlatib metallni ishlatish foydali koeffitsientini oshirish aktual masala.
Qotishmalarni suyuqlantirish va pechdan tashqari ishlov berish ularni
xususiyatlarini shakllantirishga ta‘sir qiladi. Qotishmalarni suyuqlantirishda va
pechdan tashqari ishlov berishda ko‗p nazariy va amaliy ishlar bajarilgan va ular
qotishmalarni suyuqlantirish va uni kristallanishiga ta‘sir qilib quymalarda kerakli
fazaviy va strukturaviy xususiyatlarni amalga oshirib qotishmalarga mo‗ljallangan
ekspluatatsion xususiyatlar beradi.
Ushbu darslikda suyuqlantirishni asosiy texnologik jarayonlari va pechdan
tashqari ishlov berib ularni modifikatsiya qilish va legirlash masalalari yoritilgan,
undan tashqari ko‗p kerakli lug‗atli informatsiya berilgan.
Darslikda vagrankalar, turli electron pechlar qotishmalarni suyuqlantirish
usullari keltirilgan.
Taxlil qilinayotgan texnologik jarayonlar asosida fizik- kimyoviy qonunchilik
bo‗lganini hisobga olinib kitobda qotishmalarni suyuqlantirish haqida asosiy
tushunchalar, komponentlarni pechning qoplami, toshkollari va modifikatorlari
bilan o‗zaro ta‘siri ham yoritilgan.
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