substitutions on the phenol ring can reduce the OH bond strength and
hence reduces the bond dissociation energy. Also, the OH substitutions
can further stabilize the antioxidant free radicals, and shows improved
e
ff
ect in the free radical scavenging (
Rice-Evans, Miller, & Paganga,
1996
). All the antioxidants except
β
-carotene has a phenol ring with
OH, and or alkyl group substitutions (
Fig. 1
) and they have ex-
hibited > 80% free radical scavenging capacity above 100 µM addition.
It was reported that
β
- carotene also exhibit some DPPH scavenging
capacity, but is lower compared to the rest of the antioxidants under
investigation. This may be due to the absence of phenol ring as well as
OH groups on it.
3.2.2. Metal chelating ability
Metal chelating ability of selected antioxidants were measured using
Fe
2+
ions. Higher the chelating ability of antioxidants, higher is its
capacity to prevent oxidation due to pro-oxidant metals such as iron,
copper etc. The Fe
2+
chelation studies of the hydrophilic, hydrophobic
and intermediate polarity antioxidants are presented in
Fig. 2
d
–
f. Si-
milar to free radical scavenging capacity, tannic acid displayed the
highest capacity in chelating metal irons, followed by ca
ff
eic acid and
ascorbic acid (
Fig. 2
d). The metal chelating ability of tannic acid and
ca
ff
eic acid increased to a maximum, 83.2 ± 0.7% and 58.5 ± 4.3%
respectively, with increase in concentration to 100 µM and remain
constant thereafter On the other hand, the metal chelating ability of
ascorbic acid diminished with increasing concentration above 10 µM, it
reduced from 34.7 ± 4.7% to 9.6 ± 2.2% while increasing con-
centration to 400 µM (p < 0.05). A previous study using similar
method had also reported that ascorbic acid has no signi
fi
cant chelating
ability towards Fe
2+
ions (
Yen, Duh, & Tsai, 2002
).
The hydrophobic antioxidants displayed relatively lower or negli-
gible metal chelating ability (
Fig. 2
e). However, all the natural anti-
oxidants displayed higher chelating ability than TBHQ, which showed a
(a)
Concentration ( M)
0
100
200
300
400
DPPH Scavenging Capacity (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tannic acid
Caffeic acid
Ascorbic acid
(d)
Concentration ( M)
0
100
200
300
400
%Metal
Chelating Ability
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tannic Acid
Caffeic Acid
Ascorbic Acid
(b)
Concentration ( M)
0
100
200
300
400
DPPH Scavenging Capacity (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
TBHQ
Alpha tocopherol
Eugenol
Beta
carotene
(e)
Concentration ( M)
0
100
200
300
400
% Metal Chelating Ability (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Alpha-Tocopherol
TBHQ
Eugenol
Beta-Carotene
(c)
Concentration ( M)
0
100
200
300
400
%DPPH
Scavenging Capacity
0
20
40
60
80
100
Quercetin
Ascorbyl Palmitate
(f)
Concnetration ( M)
0
100
200
300
400
%Metal Chelating Ability
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ascorbyl Palmitate
Quercetin
Fig. 2.
DPPH scavenging capacity versus concentration of di
ff
erent (a) hydrophilic (b) hydrophobic and (c) surface active (intermediate polarity) antioxidants and
Iron (II) chelating ability versus concentration of di
ff
erent (d) polar (e) non-polar and (f) surface active antioxidants.
A. Mohanan et al.
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