PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future
b There is a special use of was to where it has a similar meaning to would.
George Washington was the first President of a nation that was to become the richest and
most powerful on earth.
Here was to means that the future action really did happen.
81 Overview: the future
1 Will • 71
Be going to • 72
A prediction
Scotland will win the game.
An instant decision
I think I'll buy a ticket.
An offer
I'll help you.
A prediction based on the present
Scotland are going to win the game.
An intention
I'm going to buy a ticket, I've decided.
2 Present simple • 73
Present continuous • 73
A timetable
The game starts at 3.00 pm.
In a sub clause • 77
We must get there before the game starts.
An arrangement
I'm playing in the team tomorrow.
3 Future continuous • 75
An action over a future period
I'll be working all day Saturday.
The result of a routine or arrangement
I've got a job in a shop. I'll
be working on Saturday.
4 Be to • 76 Be about to • 78
An official arrangement The near future
The conference is to take The players are on the field. The
place in November. game is about to start.
5 Future perfect • 79
Something that will be over in the future
The game will have finished
by half past four.
6 Would • 80 Was going to • 80
Looking forward from the past
At half time we thought
Scotland would win.
Looking forward from the past
At half time we thought
Scotland were going to win.
Past intention or arrangement
I was going to watch the match,
but I was ill.
11
Be, have and do
82 Summary
Auxiliary verbs and ordinary verbs • 83
Be, have and do can be auxiliary verbs or ordinary verbs.
Auxiliary verbs Ordinary verbs
We were waiting for a bus. We were at the bus stop.
I have thought about it. I have a suggestion.
Does Tina need any help? Tina does all the work.
The ordinary verb be • 84
The ordinary verb be has a number of different uses.
The shop is on the corner. The twins are eighteen.
Have (got) • 85
Have (got) expresses possession and related meanings.
Richard has (got) a motor-bike. We've got a problem.
The ordinary verb have • 86
The ordinary verb have can be an action verb with meanings such as 'experience'
or 'receive'.
I'm having a holiday. We had a sudden shock.
Empty verbs • 87
Sometimes we can express an action as an empty verb + object, e.g. have a ride,
take a look.
The ordinary verb do • 88
We can use do as an ordinary verb to talk about actions.
What on earth have you done? I'm doing a few odd jobs.
Do and make • 89
Do and make have similar meanings and some idiomatic uses.
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PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be
83 Auxiliary verbs and ordinary verbs
1 In these statements, be and have are auxiliary verbs.
Continuous: I'm taking my library books back.
Passive: Books are lent for a period of three weeks.
Perfect: I've finished this book.
In a statement we do not normally use the auxiliary do. Verbs in the present simple
or past simple have no auxiliary.
Simple: I like murder stories.
2 In negatives, questions and some other patterns, we always use an auxiliary. In
simple tenses we use the auxiliary do.
be/have do
Negative I'm not going to I don't go to the library
the post office. very often.
Question and Have you finished Do you use the library? ~
short answer this book? ~ Yes, I have. Yes, I do.
Tag You're reading You like murder stories,
this book, aren't you? don't you?
Addition I've read this book. I enjoyed that book.
~ So have I. ~ So did I.
Emphasis I am enjoying this book. I do like murder stories.
• 51(2)
3 Be, have and do can also be ordinary verbs.
It was a lovely day. We had some sandwiches. (= ate)
I did the crossword this morning. (= completed)
The ordinary verbs can be perfect or continuous.
It has been a lovely day. We were having some sandwiches. (= were eating)
I've done the crossword. (= have completed)
NOTE
a There can be the same auxiliary and ordinary verb together.
I was being lazy. (continuous of be) I've had a sandwich. (perfect of have)
I did do the crossword yesterday. (emphatic form of do)
b The ordinary verb do can be passive.
The crossword was done in ten minutes.
84 The ordinary verb be
1 Be as a linking verb
The ordinary verb be functions as a linking verb. • 9
The world is a wonderful place. The prisoners were hungry.
Are you being serious? The boss has been out of the office.
For there + be, • 50.
11 BE, HAVE AND DO PAGE 106
2 Form
Present simple Present continuous
I am I am being
you/we/they are you/we/they are being
he/she/it is he/she/it is being
Past simple Past continuous
I/he/she/it was I/he/she/it was being
you/we/they were you/we/they were being
Present perfect
I/you/we/they have been
he/she/it has been
Past perfect
everyone had been
In simple tenses we add n't/not for the negative, and there is inversion of be and
the subject in questions.
This pen isn't very good. NOT This pen doesn't be very good.
Were your friends there? NOT Did your friends be there?
3 Be with the continuous
We can use be with the continuous for behaviour over a period of time.
The neighbours are being noisy today. The children were being silly.
Compare these two sentences.
You're being stupid. (behaviour for a time)
You're stupid. (permanent quality)
NOTE
We can use be in the imperative for behaviour.
Be quiet. Don't be silly. Do be careful.
4 Be, lie and stand
We often use be to say where something is.
York is/lies on the River Ouse. The building was/stood at a busy crossroads.
Here lie and stand are more formal and literary than be.
5 Other uses of be
We can also use be in these contexts.
Events: The match was last Saturday.
Identity: Mr Crosby, this is my father.
Age: I'll be eighteen in November.
Nationality: We're Swedish. We're from/We come from Stockholm.
Jobs: My sister is a lawyer.
85 Have (got)
Possession: Are these bags yours?
Cost: How much are these plates/do these plates cost?
Number: Seven plus three is ten.
Qualities: The buildings are ugly.
Feelings: Hello. How are you?'~ I'm fine, thanks.
I'm cold. Can we put the fire on?
If we're all hungry, we'd better eat.
Right/wrong: Yes, that's right. I think you're mistaken.
Early/late: We were late for the show.
NOTE
a For You are to report to the manager, • 76.
b We do not use be before belong, depend and agree.
This bike belongs to me. NOT This bike is belong to me.
Well, that depends. NOT Well, that's-depend.
I agree absolutely. NOT I'm agree absolutely.
6 Gone or been?
We often use been instead of gone. Compare these two sentences.
Tom has gone to town. (He won't be back for a while.)
Tom has been to town. (He's just got back.)
Gone means 'gone and still away'. Been means 'gone and come back'.
In questions about what places people have visited, we use been.
Have you (ever) been to Amsterdam?
NOTE
a We also make this difference before an active participle.
The girls have gone swimming. (They're at the pool.)
The girls have been swimming. (They're back now.)
b For American usage, • 303 (7).
85 Have (got)
1 Use
The main use of have (got) is to express possession.
I have a car phone./I've got a car phone.
Mike has a small flat./Mike has got a small flat.
As well as possession, have (got) expresses other related meanings.
Kate has (got) blue eyes. I 've (got) an idea.
The protesters had (got) plenty of courage.
Have you (got) any brothers or sisters?
I had (got) a number of phone calls to make.
I've (got) a terrible headache. I haven't (got) time to wait.
a Have (got) can express permanent or temporary possession.
Louise has (got) a new radio. She bought it yesterday.
Louise has (got) a book that belongs to me.
b We can use with for possession after a noun phrase.
We saw a man with a gun. (= a man who had a gun)
But with cannot replace a main verb.
The man had a gun. NOT The man was with a gun.
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