47 Word order and information
The empty subjects there and it • 50
We can also use there + be.
There was a swimming-pool at the end of the garden.
We use it referring forward to a phrase or clause.
It's nice to see you.
It was a good thing we didn't have to pay.
Emphasis • 51
We can emphasize a word by giving it extra stress.
I hate supermarkets. They're awful places.
I hate supermarkets (not little shops).
We can use the emphatic form of a verb.
I did go to the supermarket. I went this morning.
There are also patterns with it and what.
It's supermarkets I hate.
What I hate is supermarkets.
47 Word order and information
1 Information in a statement
Imagine each of these statements as the start of a conversation.
(in a cafe) This coffee tastes awful.
(at a chemist's) I need something for a headache.
(at a railway station) The next train is at half past nine.
In each of these statements, the first phrase is the topic, what it is about. The topic
is usually the subject. The speaker is giving information about this coffee, I and the
next train. The topic is known or expected in the situation: coffee is what we are
drinking, I am in the shop, the next train is what we are going to catch.
The new information about the topic usually comes at or near the end of the
sentence.
This coffee tastes awful.
I need something for a headache.
The next train is at half past nine.
The point of interest, the important part of the message, is awful, a headache and
half past nine. It is also the part of the sentence where the voice rises or falls. For
details about intonation, • 54(2).
Each of the statements starts with something known, old information and ends
with something new. The listener knows that the speaker is drinking coffee, but
he/she doesn't know the speaker's opinion of the coffee: that it tastes awful (not
nice).
6 INFORMATION AND EMPHASIS PAGE 54
2 Information in a text
a In a text, old information usually comes first in the sentence and new information
comes later.
ELEGANT BUILDING
Britain's towns were given a new and an elegant appearance between 1700 and
1830. This period covers the building styles known as Queen Anne, Georgian and
Regency, all three of them periods in which houses were very well designed.
Previously, towns had grown naturally and usually had a disorderly, higgledy-
piggledy appearance. In the new age, architects planned whole parts of towns,
and built beautiful houses in terraces, or in squares with gardens in the middle.
The houses of these periods are well-proportioned and dignified, with carefully
spaced windows and handsome front doors. They can be seen in many towns,
especially in London, Edinburgh, Bath, Cheltenham and Brighton.
Brighton became famous after 1784 when the Prince of Wales, later King George
IV, went there regularly, and later built the Royal Pavilion.
(from R. Bowood Our Land in the Making)
The subject of each sentence is something expected in the context. Usually it
relates to something mentioned earlier.
Already mentioned Subject of sentence
We can simply repeat a word (Brighton). Or we can use a pronoun if it is clear what
it refers to (The houses... They...). Or we can repeat an idea in different words
(... between 1700 and 1830. This period...). Here both phrases refer to the same
thing, the period of time. The subject architects is also known information because
we can relate it to houses were very well designed.
A subject can be in contrast with something mentioned before.
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