2 A few nouns ending in
o add
es.
potatoes tomatoes heroes echoes
But most add s.
radios stereos pianos photos studios discos kilos zoos
291 The ed ending
1 The ed-form of most regular verbs is simply verb + ed.
played walked seemed offered filled
If the word ends in e, we add d.
moved continued pleased smiled
NOTE
For the doubling of consonants before
ed, • 293.
For y before ed, • 294.
2 The ending is pronounced /t/ after a voiceless sound, /d/ after a voiced sound and
292 Leaving out e
We normally leave out e when it comes before an ing-form.
make making shine shining use using
But we keep a double e before ing.
see seeing agree agreeing
When e comes before ed, er or est, we do not write a double e.
type typed late later fine finest
We usually leave out e before other endings that start with a vowel, e.g. able, ize, al.
love lovable private privatize culture cultural
NOTE
PAGE 377
292 Leaving out e
or
after a sibilant.
3 The ending is pronounced /s/ after a voiceless sound, /z/ after a voiced sound and
Voiceless: hopes
, fits
, clocks
Voiced: cabs
, rides
, days
, throws
Sibilant: loses
or
, bridges
or
, washes
or
4 The possessive form of a noun is pronounced in the same way.
Mick's
the teacher's
Mrs Price's
or
But we do not write es for the possessive, even after a sibilant.
Mr Jones's the boss's
after /t/ or /d/.
, guided
, handed
, expected
waited
jumped /pt/
, baked /kt/,
wished
robbed /bd/
, closed /zd/,
enjoyed
, allowed
Voiceless:
Voiced:
or
1
2
3
But when a word ends in ce /s/ or ge
, we keep the
e before
a or
o.
enforce enforceable courage courageous
We can also keep the e in some other words: saleable/salable, likeable/likable, mileage/milage.
37 WORD ENDINGS PAGE 378
4 We keep e before a consonant.
hate hates nice nicely care careful
NOTE
Exceptions are words ending in
ue: argue argument, true truly,
due duly.
Also: whole wholly, judge judgment/judgement.
5 To form an adverb from an adjective ending in a consonant + le, we change e to y.
simple simply possible possibly
To form an adverb from an adjective in ic, we add ally.
dramatic dramatically idiotic idiotically
NOTE An exception is publicly.
293 The doubling of consonants
1 Doubling happens in a one-syllable word that ends with one written vowel and
one written consonant, such as win, put, sad, plan. We double the consonant
before a vowel.
win winner put putting sad saddest plan planned
NOTE
3 The rule about doubling is also true for words of more than one syllable, but only if
the last syllable is stressed.
for'get forgetting prefer preferred
We do not usually double a consonant in an unstressed syllable.
'open 'opening 'enter 'entered
NOTE
In British English there is some doubling in an unstressed syllable. We usually double
l.
travel travelling tunnel tunnelled marvel marvellous
jewel jeweller
We also double p in some verbs.
handicap handicapped worship worshipping
But in the USA there is usually a single l or p in an unstressed syllable, e.g. traveling,
worshiping.
4 When a word ends in ll and we add ly, we do not write a third l.
full fully
a Compare top
tapping and tope
taping.
b The consonant also doubles before y: fog foggy.
2 We do not double y, w or x.
stay staying slow slower fix fixed
We do not double when there are two consonants.
hold holding ask asking
And we do not double after two written vowels.
keep keeping broad broader