There is usually a fixed order of adjectives before a noun.
24 ADJECTIVES PAGE 252
198 Introduction to adjectives
1 Use
PARADISE APARTMENTS
An excellent choice for an independent summer holiday, these large apartments
are along an inland waterway in a quiet residential area. The friendly resort of
Gulftown with its beautiful white sandy beach is only a short walk away.
Restaurant and gift shop nearby.
An adjective modifies a noun. The adjectives here express physical and other
qualities (large, quiet, friendly) and the writer's opinion or attitude (excellent,
beautiful). The adjective residential classifies the area, tells us what type of
area it is.
Adjectives can also express other meanings such as origin (an American writer),
place (an inland waterway), frequency (a weekly newspaper), degree (a complete
failure), necessity
(an essential safeguard) and degrees of certainty (
the probable
result).
NOTE
a We use adjectives of quality to answer the question
What... like?
What's the area like? ~
Oh, it's very quiet.
A d j e c t i v e s of t y p e a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n What kind of...?
What kind of area is it? ~
Mainly residential.
b A modifier can also be a noun, e.g. a summer holiday, a gift shop. • 147
2 Form
a An adjective always has the same form. There are no endings for number or
gender.
an old man an old woman old people
But some adjectives take comparative and superlative endings. • 218
My wife is older than I am. This is the oldest building in the town.
b Most adjectives have no special form to show that they are adjectives. But there are
some endings used to form adjectives from other words. • 285(5)
careful planning a salty taste global warming artistic merit
199 The position of adjectives
1 An adjective phrase can have one or more adjectives.
a large stadium a large, empty stadium
For details about the order of adjectives, • 202.
An adverb of degree can come before an adjective. • 212
a very large stadium an almost empty stadium
a very large, almost empty stadium
NOTE
a The adverb
enough follows the adjective.
Will the stadium be large enough?
b We can put a phrase of measurement before some adjectives.
The man is about forty years old and six feet tall.
2 An adjective can go before a noun or as complement after a linking verb such as
be, seem, get. These positions are called 'attributive' and 'predicative'.
Attributive: It is a large stadium. (before a noun)
Predicative: The stadium is large. (as complement)
3 These adjectives are in attributive position.
Canterbury is a lovely city. I bought a black and white sweater.
A noisy party kept us awake. It's a difficult problem.
NOTE For the pattern so lovely a city, • 212(4).
4 These adjectives are in predicative position.
Canterbury is lovely. The sweater was black and white.
The party seemed very noisy. Things are getting so difficult.
NOTE
a An adjective can also be an object complement. • 11(1)
Why must you make things difficult? A noisy party kept us awake.
b We can use an adjective in an exclamation with how. • 20(l)
How lovely the view is! How cold your hands are!
An adjective can also be a one-word reply, e.g. Oh, good./Lovely.
c For The party seemed noisy and The door banged noisily, • 209(1b).
5 In these patterns we leave out words before a predicative adjective.
a I've got a friend keen on fishing. • 201
(= ... a friend who is keen on fishing.)
b Could you let me know as soon as possible?
(= ... as soon as it is possible.)
I don't want to spend any more money than necessary.
Chris went to bed later than usual.
We can do this with a few adjectives after as or than.
c Pick the fruit when ripe.
(= ... when it is ripe.)
Work the putty in your hands until soft.
If possible, I should like some time to think it over.
Although confident of victory, we knew it would not be easy.
This pattern with a conjunction is found mainly in written English and especially
in instructions how to do something.
6 In rather formal or literary English an adjective can go before or after a noun
phrase, separated from it by a comma.
Uncertain, the woman hesitated and looked round.
The weather, bright and sunny, drove us out of doors.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: