all (of) the letter (s) / money
the whole letter
every leach letter • 178(5)
each of these letters
Of two • 178(4)
both (your) letters
both of your letters
either letter
either of the letters
Majority most letters/money (in general)
• 178(2) most of my letter (s) / money
Large a lot of letters/money a lot of the letter (s) / money
• 177(1) many letters many of his letters
a large number of letters much of this letter/money
much money •178(7)
a large amount of money
a great deal of money
Neutral some letters/money some (of the) letter (s) / money
• 179(3)
• 179(1)
a number of letters part of that letter/money • 178(6)
an amount of money
Half • 178(2) half (of) the letter(s)/money
Small several letters several of those letters
(positive) a few letters a few of the letters
• 177(2a) a small number of letters
a little money a little of his letter/our money
a bit of money a bit of that letter/money
a small amount of money
Small few letters few of our letters
(negative) not many letters not many of these letters
• 177(2b) little money little of the letter/money
not much money not much of that letter/money
hardly any letters/money hardly any of the letter(s)/money
Zero no letter(s)/money none of the letters/money • 178(2)
• 179(2) no part of this letter/money
Of two • 178(4)
neither letter
neither of the letters
21 QUANTIFIERS
PAGE 232
22
Pronouns
183 Summary
Personal pronouns • 184
We use personal pronouns for the speaker (I) and the person spoken to (you). We
use he, she, it and they to refer to other people and things when it is clear from the
context what we mean.
Judy isn't coming with us. She isn't very well.
Personal pronouns have both a subject and an object form.
I'm coming. Wait for me.
Special uses of you, one, we and they • 185
We can use you, one, we and they to refer to people in general.
You can't buy much for a pound.
They're putting up the prices.
Reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns and each other • 186
Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence.
Helen looked at herself in the mirror.
Emphatic pronouns lay emphasis on a noun phrase.
Helen did the wallpapering herself.
We use each other when the action goes in both directions.
Helen and Tim write each other long, passionate letters.
OVERVIEW:
personal pronouns, Possessives and reflexives • 187
Pronouns are related to possessive forms: I/me - my - mine - myself.
One and ones • 188
We can use one(s) to replace a noun.
I'll have a cola. A large one.
We can use one to replace a noun phrase with a/an.
1 need a pound coin. Have you got one?
Everyone, something etc • 189
There are the compound pronouns everyone, something etc.
Everyone came to the party.
NOTE
For question words ( who, what etc) used as pronouns, • 27.
For possessive pronouns (mine, yours etc), • 174.
For demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those), • 175.
For quantifiers used as pronouns (some, many, a few etc), • 181.
For relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that), • 271.
22 PRONOUNS PAGE 234
184 Personal pronouns
In this real conversation, Avril, Lucy and Sarah are talking about Lucy's brother.
WHAT DOES MATTHEW LOOK LIKE?
Avril: If we said to you now, 'What does Matthew look like?' you probably
wouldn't be able to give as good a description as we could.
Lucy: Oh yes, I could.
Avril: All right then. What does he look like?
Lucy: No, you describe him to me and I'll tell you if you're right.
Avril: Well, he's quite tall, over six foot. And he's thin.
Lucy: Well, yes, I suppose so.
Avril: Well, in proportion with his height, and he's got fairly short black hair,...
Lucy: Not very short.
Avril: Well, perhaps it's grown since I saw him.
Lucy: It's short as opposed to long.
Avril: I couldn't tell you what colour his eyes were.
(from M. Underwood Have you heard?)
1 Introduction
a 'Personal pronouns' do not always refer to people. 'Personal' means first person
(the speaker), second person (the person spoken to) and third person (another
person or thing). These are the forms.
Singular Plural
Subject Object Subject Object
First person I me we us
Second person you you you you
Third person he him they them
she her
it it
NOTE
a The pronoun I is always a capital letter,
b You is the only second-person form.
You're quite right, Avril. You're late, all of you.
c For weak forms of pronouns, • 55(1b).
We use the subject form when the pronoun is the subject.
I couldn't tell you. Well, he's quite tall.
We use the object form when the pronoun is not the subject.
You describe him to me.
We also use the object form when the pronoun is on its own. Compare:
Who invited Matthew? ~ I did. Who invited Matthew? ~ Me.
NOTE
We sometimes use a subject pronoun as complement.
The young man looked rather like Matthew, but it wasn't him/he.
Who's that? ~ It's me./It is I.
Sarah knows all about it. It was her/she who told me.
The subject pronoun in this position is old-fashioned and often formal. The object pronoun
is normal, especially in informal speech. For pronouns after as and than, • 221(5).
c We can use and or or with a pronoun, especially with I and you.
Matthew and I are good friends.
Would you and your sisters like to come with us?
Sarah didn't know whether to ring you or me.
We normally put I/me last, NOT I and Matthew are good friends.
NOTE
In a phrase with and or or, an object pronoun is sometimes used in subject position.
Matthew and me are good friends. You or him can have a turn now.
This happens only in informal English and is seen by many people as wrong. Some people
incorrectly use I even when the phrase is not the subject.
It's a present from Matthew and I.
d We cannot normally leave out a pronoun.
Well, he's quite tall, NOT Well, is quite tall.
You describe him to me. NOT You describe to me.
But we can leave out some subject pronouns in informal speech. • 42
e We do not normally use a pronoun together with a noun.
Matthew is quite tall, NOT Matthew he's quite tall.
NOTE
a A pronoun comes after the noun in this pattern with as for.
As for Matthew, he's quite tall.
In informal speech, we can leave out as for.
Matthew, he's quite tall.
Those new people, I saw them yesterday.
Here we mention the topic (Matthew, those new people) and then use a pronoun to
refer to it.
b In informal speech we can use this pattern.
He's quite tall, Matthew.
It was late, the five o'clock train.
I saw them yesterday, those new people.
c We sometimes use a noun phrase after a pronoun to make clear who or what the pronoun
refers to.
Matthew was waiting for David. He, Matthew, felt worried./He (Matthew) felt worried.
A We can sometimes use a phrase after a pronoun to modify it.
We left-handed people should stick together.
You alone must decide. Look at her over there.
2 We
A plural pronoun refers to more than one person or thing. We means the speaker
and one or more other people. We can include or exclude the person spoken to.
We're late. ~ Yes, we'd better hurry. (we = you and I)
We're late. ~ You'd better hurry then. (we = someone else and I)
3 Third-person pronouns
a We use a third-person pronoun instead of a full noun phrase when it is clear what
we mean. In the conversation at the beginning of 184, Matthew is mentioned only
once. After that the speakers refer to him by pronouns because they know who
they are talking about.
What does he look like? You describe him. Well, he's quite tall.
But we cannot use a pronoun when it is not clear who it refers to. Look at the
paragraph on the next page about the Roman generals Caesar and Pompey.
PAGE 235
184 Personal pronouns
2 2 PRONOUNS PAGE 236
There was a great war between Caesar and the Senate; the armies of the Senate
were commanded by another Roman general, Pompey, who had once been
friendly with Caesar. Pompey was beaten in battle, fled to the kingdom of Egypt,
and was murdered. Caesar became master of Rome and the whole of the Roman
Empire in 46 BC.
(from T. Cairns The Romans and their Empire)
Here Caesar and Pompey have to be repeated. For example He was beaten in battle
would not make it clear who was beaten.
NOTE
A pronoun usually goes after the full noun phrase, but it can come first.
When she got home, Claire rang to thank us.
b He/him, she/her and it are singular. He means a male person, she means a female
person and it means something not human such as a thing, an action or an idea.
I like Steve. He's great fun. I like Helen. She's great fun.
I like that game. It's great fun.
We also use it when talking about someone's identity. It means 'the unknown
person'.
There's someone at the door. It's probably the milkman.
Compare these sentences.
Don't you remember Celia? She was a great friend of mine.
Don't you remember who gave you that vase? It was Celia.
NOTE
a We can use he or she for an animal if we know the animal's sex and we feel sympathy or
interest. Compare these sentences.
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