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Theme 1: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the proclamation of the independence of Uzbekistan
Outline:
1. Introduction to History
2. The Collapse of the Soviet Union
3. Proclamation of Independence
History is the discipline or subject that studies the events that occurred in the past. The term is derived from Greek that means ‘knowledge that acquired by investigation’.
The question of what history teaches is complex and multifaceted. There are different views on history, for example, someone believes that history is not a science, but a list of events of the past, and someone - only the activities of our ancestors. There are other views on history.
Ali Yazdi who was the historian of medieval period believes that "it studies the reasons for the situation that has arisen in the country, explains by what measures the state has lived a pleasant life and the circumstances of which it has become on the path of destruction, and what needs to be done and what should not be done for the sake of the state's progress. These questions are answered by the science of history".
In studying the history of Uzbekistan, it is important to define the concept of periodization. There are different approaches to periodization. Archaeologists solve the problems of periodization, depending on what materials (stones, bones, bronze, iron) were used in the creation of weapons, tools; other researchers - depending on the development of industry, etc. Today, the civilizational approach is most popular in periodization.
Recently, the following periodization of history has been systematized and adopted by some scholars:
1) Primitive society (3-2 million – 8-7 century BC);
2) The period of Antiquity (8-7 century BC – V century AD);
3) Middle Ages (5 century – 19 century);
4) The Colonial period (19 century - 1917);
5) The Soviet period (1917-1991);
6) The period of National Independence (1991-present).
The Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin committed the state's ideology to Marxism–Leninism (which he created) and initiated a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization.
In 1985, the new leader Mikhail Gorbachev was elected in the Soviet Union. Mr. Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy and party leadership, called perestroika. His policy of glasnost freed public access to information after decades of heavy government censorship.
In the late 1980s, the constituent republics of the Soviet Union started legal moves towards potentially declaring sovereignty over their territories, citing Article 72 of the USSR constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede.
Perestroika - was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991. The policy widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the reconstructing of the Soviet political and economic system.
Perestroika is sometimes argued to be a cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War.
There are three main steps and factors for achieving independence of Uzbekistan
1) Law on ‘the State Language’ was adopted on October 21, 1989
2) Presidential form of government was adopted on March 24, 1990
3) Declaration of Independence was adopted on June 20, 1990. The Declaration consists of 12 articles.
- Decisions adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR will be valid in the territory of Uzbekistan only after approval by the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR in accordance with the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR.
- Authority of the Uzbek SSR includes all matters related to domestic and foreign policies of the Uzbek SSR.
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