Olinish usullari. 1.
To‘yingan uglevodorodlarni bosqichli degidrogenlash:
CH
3
– CH
2
– CH
2
– CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH
2
– CH
3
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3
600
0
C
CH
2
= CH – CH
2
– CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3
600
0
C
CH
3
– CH
2
– CH
2
– CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH
2
– CH
3
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3
600
0
C
CH
3
– CH
2
– CH
2
– CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH
2
– CH
3
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3
600
0
C
CH
2
= CH – CH
2
– CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3
600
0
C
CH
2
= CH – CH
2
– CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3
600
0
C
2. To‘yingan ikki atomli spirtlardan suvni tortib olish:
3. Etil spirtidan olish:
Bu usul rus olimi S.V. Lebedev tomonidan kashf etilgan bo‘lib, dunyoda birinchi marotaba (1929-1931
yillarda) sintetik kauchuk ishlab chiqarilgan.
4. Atsetilen va atsetondan foydalanib izoprenni olish:
Fizik xossalari.
Divinil oddiy sharoitda gazsimon, qolgan dienlar suyuqlik holatda bo‘ladi.
Uglevodorodlar uchun xos bo‘lgan qonuniyatlar dien uglevodorodlari uchun ham taaluqlidir.
Kimyoviy xossalari.
Bularning tuzilishida ikkita qo‘shbog‘ bo‘lganligi uchun ular birikish jarayonlariga
etilen ugevodorodlariga qaraganda oson kirishadilar.
1. Vodorodning birikishi.
C H
3
– C – C H
2
– C H
2
C H
2
= C – C H = C H
2
C H
3
O H
O H
C H
3
- 2H
2
O
C H
3
– C – C H
2
– C H
2
C H
2
= C – C H = C H
2
C H
3
O H
O H
C H
3
C H
3
– C – C H
2
– C H
2
C H
2
= C – C H = C H
2
C H
3
O H
O H
C H
3
- 2H
2
O
2C
2
H
5
OH CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ 2H
2
O + H
2
400
0
C
Al
2
O
3
2C
2
H
5
OH CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ 2H
2
O + H
2
400
0
C
Al
2
O
3
CH
CH + CH
3
– C – CH
3
CH
3
– C – C
CH
KOH
O
OH
CH
3
KOH
CH
3
– C – C
CH + H
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
CH + CH
3
– C – CH
3
CH
3
– C – C
CH
KOH
O
OH
CH
3
CH
CH + CH
3
– C – CH
3
CH
3
– C – C
CH
KOH
O
OH
CH
3
KOH
CH
3
– C – C
CH + H
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
KOH
CH
3
– C – C
CH + H
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – C
CH + H
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
2
= C – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
O
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
– C – CH = CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
2
= C – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
O
CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
1,2-
бирикиш
1,4-
бирикиш
CH
3
– CH
2
– CH = CH
2
CH
3
– CH = CH – CH
3
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
+ H
2
1,2-
бирикиш
1,4-
бирикиш
CH
3
– CH
2
– CH = CH
2
CH
3
– CH = CH – CH
3
520
2. Galogenlarning birikishi. Etilen ugevodorodlarining galogenlash reaksiyasiga o‘xshash bunda ham
reaksiya ionli yoki radikal zanjirli mexanizm bilan borishi mumkin.
Ionli mexanizm bilan borganda birinchi bosqich
-kompleksni hosil bo‘lishi hisoblanadi:
Bu kompleks tezda karbokationni hosil qiladi. Karbokation quyidagi tuzilishlarga ega bo‘lishi mumkin:
a
b
(a) va (b) karbokationlar quyidagi oraliq holatlarda bo‘lishi mumkin. Xlor anioni bu oraliq holatdagi
karbokationga birikkanda quyidagi mahsulotlar hosil bo‘ladi:
3. Gidrogalogenlash. Dien uglevodorodlariga gidrogalogenlarning birikishi ham yuqorida eslatib
o‘tilgan qonuniyatlarga muvofiq boradi:
4. Dien sintezi.
Bu reaksiyani Dils va Alder reaksiyasi deyiladi.
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
CH – C
N
+
C
N
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
CH – C
N
CH
2
CH – C
N
+
C
N
C
N
CH
2
5. Dimerlanish. Dien uglevodorodlarini qizdirganda o‘zaro birikish reaksiyalariga kirisha oladilar.
Dimerlanish. Dien uglevodorodlarini qizdirganda o‘zaro birikish reaksiyalariga kirisha oladilar. Bunda
bir molekula 1,2-birikish, ikkinchi molekula 1,4-birikish bo‘yicha ta’sir etadi. Qisman har ikki
molekulani 1,4-birikishi bo‘yicha ta’sir etishi ham mumkin:
6. Polimerlanish. Dien uglevodorodlari ishqoriy metallar metalloorganik birikmalar ishtirokida
polimerlanib yuqori molekulali birikmalar – kauchuk hosil qiladilar. Polimerlanish ham 1,2-1,4 va 1,4-
1,4-ko‘rinishlarda borishi mumkin:
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
Cl
2
Cl
2
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
Cl
2
Cl
2
[CH
2
Cl – C
+
H – CH = CH
2
]
CH
2
Cl – CH = CH – C
+
H
2
ёки
[CH
2
Cl – C
+
H – CH = CH
2
]
CH
2
Cl – CH = CH – C
+
H
2
ёки
CH
2
Cl – CH CH CH
2
1,2-
бирикиш
1,4-
бирикиш
CH
2
Cl– CHCl – CH = CH
2
CH
2
Cl – CH = CH – CH
2
Cl
+ Cl
2
HCl
CH
2
Cl – CH CH CH
2
1,2-
бирикиш
1,4-
бирикиш
CH
2
Cl– CHCl – CH = CH
2
CH
2
Cl – CH = CH – CH
2
Cl
+ Cl
2
HCl
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
1,2-
бирикиш
1,4-
бирикиш
CH
3
– CHCl – CH = CH
2
CH
3
– CH = CH – CH
2
Cl
HCl
CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
1,2-
бирикиш
1,4-
бирикиш
CH
3
– CHCl – CH = CH
2
CH
3
– CH = CH – CH
2
Cl
HCl
n CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
1,2-1,4-
бирикиш
1,2-1,4-
бирикиш
[ - CH
2
– CH - ]n
CH
2
CH
[ - CH
2
– CH = CH – CH
2
- ]
n
n CH
2
= CH – CH = CH
2
1,2-1,4-
бирикиш
1,2-1,4-
бирикиш
[ - CH
2
– CH - ]n
CH
2
CH
[ - CH
2
– CH - ]n
CH
2
CH
[ - CH
2
– CH = CH – CH
2
- ]
n
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
+
CH
2
CH – CH = CH
2
CH = CH
2
1,2-1,4-
бирикиш
1,4-1,4-
бирикиш
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
+
CH
2
CH – CH = CH
2
CH = CH
2
1,2-1,4-
бирикиш
1,4-1,4-
бирикиш
521
Dien uglevodorodlarining polimerlanishi natijasida hosil bo‘ladigan birikmalar kauchuk deyiladi.
Kauchuklar 2 turga – tabiiy va sintetik kauchuklarga bo‘linadilar. Tabiiy kauchuk issiq iqlimli
mamlakatlar – Braziliya, Lotin Amerikasi, Vetnam va boshqa joylarda o‘sadigan kauchuk daraxtidan
ajratib olinadi. kauchuk degan so‘z xindcha so‘z bo‘lib, «kaocho» – daraxtning ko‘z yoshi degan
ma’noni anglatadi.
Sintetik kauchuk asosan neftni qayta ishlash mahsuotlari asosida olinadi.
Kauchuk mexanik jihatdan mustahkam bo‘lmaganligi uchun uni vulkanlanadi, ya’ni oltingugurt
birikmalari bilan qayta ishlab, rezinaga aylatiriladi. Rezinaning tarkibi murakkab bo‘lib, uning tarkibida
50% gacha qorakuya, talk, qo‘rg‘oshin oksidi va boshqalar bor.
Hozirgi kunda dunyo miqyosida 250 milliondan ortiq avtomobil mavjud bo‘lib, har bir avtomobil uchun
o‘rtacha 250 kg rezina kerak. Bu miqdordagi rezina asosan sintetik usulda ishlab chiqarilayotganligi
sababli dien uglevodorodlari katta ahamiyatga egadir. Kimyo sanoatimizda butadienstirol; butadien–
akrilonitril, izobutilen-divinil yoki izobutilenizopren kauchuklarini ishlab chiqarish keng yo‘lga
qo‘yilgan.
MASALA ECHISH NAMUNASI
1. 1,3-butadienga bromning birikish reaksiya mexanizmini kursating.
Echish:
Mexanizmi:
2. 1,3-geksadien-5ining struktura forulasini yozing
Echish:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1) S-S-S-S-S-S asosiy zanjirni yozib olamiz.
Sungra kush boglarni urniga kuyamiz.
2) S=S-S=S-S
S in kushimchasi uch bog borligini bildiradi.
Demak 1,3geksadien 5- in formulasi
N
2
S=SN-SN=SN-S
SN ekan.
3. Butadien 1,3-ning elektron tuzilish sxemasini chizing.
Echish: Butandienda uzaro koplangan turtta elektron bulutlari buladi.
3 ta
-bog va 2 ta
-bog‘ qatnashgan.
4. Quyidagi moddalarning ozonlaganda qanday maxsulotlar xosil bo‘ladi?
a) 1,4-pentadien b) 1,3-pentadien v) 2-metil2,5-geptadien
Echish: Reaksiya tenglamalarini yozamiz.
a) SN
2
=SN-SN
2
-SN=SN
2
+O
3
N-SNO+ONSSN
2
-SNO chumoli aldegidi
b) SN
2
=SN-NS=SN-SN
3
+O
3
N-SNO+ONS-SNO+SN
3
-SNO sirka aldegidi
v) N
3
S-=SN-SN
2
-SN=SN-SN
3
+O
3
SN
3
-SO-SN
3
+ONS-SN
2
-SNO+SN
3
-SNO
sirka aldegidi
5. 1,3 butadienni kuyidagi moddalar bilan sopolimerlanish reaksiyasini yozing.
a) S
6
N
5
SN=SN
2
b) SN
2
=SN-CN
522
stirol akrilonitril
Echish:
a)
b)
MASHKLAR
1. Xalkaro nomenklatura buyicha nomlang
N
3
S-SN=SN-SN=SN
2
N
2
S=NS-NS=SN
2
|
SN
3
N
2
S=SN-SN-SN-SN=SN
2
(N
3
S)
2
S=SN-SN=S(SN
3
)
2
| |
SN
3
SN
3
2. Lebedev usuli bilan 1,3- butadien etilspirtidan xosil bulish sxemasini yozing.
3. 1,3 -butadienga bromning birikishi reaksiyasi mexanizmini ko‘rsating.
4. Butandan butadien, geksandan geksadien olish reaksiyalarini yozing. Reaksiya tipini kursating.
5. Dien uglevodorodlarda dealkillaash jarayonini misolda tushuntiring.
6. N
2
S=SN-SN=SN
2
SN
3
NS=SN-SN=SN-SN
3
Xalkaro va ratsional nomenklatura buyicha nomlang.
7. Divinilning bir molekula NVr bilan reaksiya tenglamasini yozing. Maxsulotni nomlang.
8. 1,3-geksadien -in ning struktura formulasini yozing.
9. Butadien 1,3ning elektron sxemasini kursating.
10. SN
2
SN-SN=SN
2
SN
2
=S-SN=SN
2
SN
2
=S-SN=SN
2
| |
SN
3
SN
3
monomerlarning polimerlanish reaksiyasini yozing va nomlang.
TEST SAVOLLARI
1. N
2
S=SN-SN=SN
2
ratsional nomenklaturada nomlang.
A) butadien V) metilenpropilen S) divinil D) metilallil E) butin
2. Kuyidagi moddalardan kaysi biri trivial nomlangan?
A) divinil V) allil S) izopren D) metilallen E) metilizopren
3. Kuyidagi moddani nomlang.
A) sis, sis-2,4-gesadien
V) sis, trans- 2,4-geksadien
S) trans, sis-2,4-geksadien
523
D)N-2,4-geksadien
E) trans, trans-2,4-geksadien
4. Kuyidagi polimer kanday monomerdan olingan
A) 2,3-dimetil butadien 1,3
V) 2,4-geksadien
S) 2,3-dimetil butin-2
D) 2,3-dimetil butan
E) 2,3-dimetil buten-2
5. 1,3-butadienni tetratsianning tetragidrofurandagi eritmasiga kushganda rangsiz kristall modda hosil
bo‘ladi. Tarkibi S
10
N
6
N
4
Bu kanday modda?
A) 4,4,6,6- tetratsiano-1- siklogeksen
V) 4,4,5,5-tetratsiano-1-siklogeksen
S) 4,5-ditsiano-siklogeksen
D) 1,3-ditsianotsiklogeksan
E) 4,4,5,5-tetratsiano geksan
6. S
5
N
8
formula mos keluvchi izomerlar soni nechta?
A) 3 V) 4 S) 6 D) 5 E) 7
7. 2-metil-1,3-butadienga NBr(CCl
4
50
0
C) ta’sir etganda kanday maxsulot xosil buladi?
A) 1-brom, 3-metil, buten-2
V) 2 brm, 3- metil buten-2
S) 2- brom, 2- metil buten-2
D) 3-brom, 3-metil butien-2
E) 2- brom 2- metil buten-1
8. Kuyidagi uzgarishlarda kanday maxsulot xosil buladi?
A) 2-brom-2.3 dimeti-2 -buten
V) 2-brom-3,3-dimetil-2 buten
S) 1-brom 2, 3-dimetil-2-buten
(CH
2
– C = C-CH
2
)
n
CH
3
CH
3
(CH
2
– C = C-CH
2
)
n
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
524
D) 1-brom-2,2-dimetil-3-buten
E) 1-brom-3,3- dimetil-2-buten
9. Kumilyasiyalangan dien uglevodorodlarni kursating.
A) SN
2
=SN-SN=SN
2
V) SN
2
=SN-SN
2
-SN=SN
2
S) SN
2
=S=SN
2
D) SN
2
=SN-S
SN E) NS
SN
10. Sintetik kauchuk monomerlardan kanday usulda olinadi?
A) gidrolizlash V) polimerlash S) kondensatlash D) alkillash
E) pereeterifikatsiyalash
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