Organic Chemistry I



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hydrogenation
.
Catalysts are must-have for hydrogenation, so the reaction can also be called
catalytic hydrogenation
. The commonly
applied metal catalysts involve palladium and platinum. Palladium, which is used as a powder absorbed on charcoal
to maximize the surface area, is the most common catalyst that is referred to as palladium on charcoal (Pd/carbon).
Platinum, which is used usually as oxide PtO2, is also employed frequently and referred to as Adams catalyst. These
metal catalysts are
not
soluble in the reaction mixture and therefore are described as heterogeneous catalysts. The
heterogeneous catalyst can be easily filtrated out of the reaction mixture after reaction, and then be recycled and
reused.
The hydrogenation reaction does not take place without catalyst because of the enormous activation energy. The
catalysts lower down the activation energy by weakening the H-H bond, and make the reaction feasible at room
temperature. The details of the mechanism of catalytical hydrogenation are not completely clear. What was understood
was that hydrogen gas is adsorbed on the surface of the metal, and the alkene also complexes with the metal by
overlapping its π orbitals with vacant orbitals of the metal. The reaction occur on the surface of the metal catalyst, with
both hydrogen atoms added from the same side of the alkene, to give alkane as the product that diffuses away from the
metal surface. This mode of addition that the atoms added from the same side of the alkene is called the
syn addition
.
344 | 10.5 Reaction of Alkenes: Hydrogenation


Example:
10.5 Reaction of Alkenes: Hydrogenation | 345


10.6 Two Other Hydration Reactions of Alkenes
As we learned in section
10.2.2
, the acid-catalyzed hydration (addition of water) to alkene produces alcohol that follow
Markovnikov’s regioselectivity. Here we will investigate two other methods for hydration of alkene, via different reaction
conditions and mechanism, and produce either Markovnikov or anti- Markovnikov alcohol product respectively.

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