O’qituvchi: Z. Sh. Jurayeva Qo’qon Davlat Pedagogika Instituti

O’qituvchi: Z. Sh. Jurayeva
Qo’qon Davlat Pedagogika Instituti
[e-mail]
EXPRESSING NON-STANDARD LEXICONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Annotation: No language is socially relevant and cannot develop on its own outside of society. Language is, first of all, a means of interaction between society and people, so society is a direct link between people and the formation of language vocabulary. It is important to remember that language itself is important because of the laws of its internal system of formation
Keywords: non-standard, colloquialism, jargon, taboo, metaphor, affixation


Аннотация: Ни один язык не является социально значимым и не может развиваться самостоятельно вне общества. Язык – это, прежде всего, средство взаимодействия общества и людей, поэтому общество является непосредственным связующим звеном между людьми и формированием языковой лексики. Важно помнить, что сам язык важен из-за закономерностей его внутренней системы образования.
Ключевые слова: нестандартность, просторечие, жаргон, табу, метафора, аффиксация.
Annotatsiya: Har qanday til jamiyatga aloqador va jamiyatdan tashqarida o’zicha, alohida rivojlana olmaydi. Til, avvalambor, jamiyatning, odamlarning o’zaro muloqot vositasidir, shu sababli jamiyat – odamlar til leksikasining shakllanishiga bevosita aloqadir hisoblanishadi. Unutmaslik kerakki, til o’zida ichki shakllanish tizimi qonuniyatlari mavjudligi bilan ahamiyatga egadir.
Kalit so’zlar: non-standart, kollokvializm, jargon, taboo, metafora, Affiksatsiya 


Introduction
Depending on the situation, a single idea in any developed language will be interpreted differently. Regardless of style, stylistic color, and situational requirements, there are also neutral words used only in certain situations as the core of language in communication. Words in this category are referred to in dictionaries as words related to non-literary or non-standard vocabulary. Before we look at non-standard vocabulary, if we look at the problems associated with its style, it becomes clear that there are basically two different styles of use: functional and expressive. Functional style is interpreted as a specific, goal-oriented communication style specific to a certain group of people, i.e. for situations involving specific legal aspects of human movement, such as entrepreneurial style, verbal style, scientific style, etc. The functional styles in modern languages are extremely complex and diverse. It should be noted that the method can be divided into different forms in use for the public, depending on whether it is used in conjunction with the division into written and oral types. But so far, linguists, although they have a lot of information, have not come to a unified opinion about the types of styles. Styles are divided into the following sections: scientific, public, journalistic, artistic (theater, painting, dance, etc.), oral, correspondent style, newspaper style, poetry, professional-technical, formal- administrative methods. A functional style is a collection of people who communicate in a particular language use words and phrases from their native language for a specific purpose, based on different situations and workplaces. The style of expression is such that during communication you express your own emotional feelings related to a particular situation. Various linguists also use other terms for communication styles. According to the Russian linguist RGPyotrovsky, the styles are divided into high-level, lavish poetry and scientific language style, i.e., literary storytelling, literary speaking styles, and other low-level non-basic sub-styles. The English linguist J. Kenon, on the other hand, emphasizes two levels - standard and non-standard styles, or formal and informal styles. German linguist Y. Hannerts emphasizes that styles should be of high and low or formal, informal types. According to Russian linguist VN Yartseva, style is divided into book-written and oral-spoken speech types. So we can say that there are several different types depending on the use of language methods. In this article, we present a separate style, ie low-level words and phrases - colloquialism ("colloquial" - English phrases and expressions), slang ("slang" - slang from English). , simple, lexical words), general slang, special slang (slang and slang - special words) and vulgarism (rough words). However, it should be noted that to date, no special manuals have been formed to show the words in separate styles. For example, colloquialisms lie between standard and non-standard vocabulary. Some linguists describe colloquialism as more typical of non-standard vocabulary. For example, the English linguist E. Partridge in his book "The World of Words" states that colloquialism is " below" the standard lexicon, but above the slang. New Dictionary Webster
( Webster Noah (1758 - 1843), American linguist. The American Dictionary of the English Language consisting of 70,000 words and phrases ( 1828) is the first major two-volume dictionary on the use of English in the United States. or not depending on whether they are connected. We support the idea of E. Partridge and include colloquialisms in the standard vocabulary ("vocabulary" - English "dictionary, word structure, vocabulary"), while "lower" colloquialisms are specific to non-standard vocabulary. We will look at the problems of its application. The main part of non-standard lexicon consists of verbal style words and phrases that are often used in everyday life, i.e. slang. Nevertheless, the Russian linguist VAKhomikov incorporates general slang words and phrases into words that carry a stylistic speech, are typical of a literary style, and express emotions. In contrast, the German scholar ADSchweitzer, on the other hand, adds general slang to the category of ordinary public words far removed from literature. Jargon is a specific language consisting of special words and phrases used only by a narrow circle of people to understand, not by other categories of people. Argon is a particular style of speech that consists of words and phrases specific to a group of people of the same age and occupation in a particular social circle (mostly the language of a gang of criminals). Scientists have yet to come to a conclusion on whether slang and slang are special slang or a separate part of non-standard vocabulary. Vulgarism, with its rough and sharp semantic qualities, is directly related to non-standard lexicon. In standard English, vulgarism is considered and understood as a taboo . Non-standard vocabulary develops through variation within the national language and within its rules. Sometimes, in this case, the words in the language can be added phrases or words from a foreign language. Through metaphor and metonymy, words from a foreign language can be significantly translated into another language. Words in a non-standard lexicon are mainly developed by the fact that words in a literary language carry different meanings in a narrow or wide range, for different situations, in a situation where they do not completely deviate from their original meaning. It should be noted that such cases in language are not accidental. The development of non-standard lexicon of English is mainly characterized by the history of the origin of German languages. Many non-standard lexicons are used in proportion to the literary language in which their meaning is derived from the origin of the words. Below we can review a number of examples of non-standard vocabulary through the English slang of English. Affixation (" affixation ") is one of the most common methods of word formation in modern English, in which the root and the word-formative suffix have a new meaning. makes a meaningful word. Affixation includes prefixes ("prefix" - English "suffix"), suffixes (" suffix " - "new word added to the end of a word" ). adjectives ”and infixes (“ infix ”). In the construction of non-standard vocabulary and slang words, word-forming affixes are used, which are used to make standard words. The suffix is the suffix er, which creates a new non-standard word that conveys the most common cultural information and represents the performer of the action. For example, "greener" - a new person or an inexperienced employee ("green" - green, newly emerged); "Juicer" - alcoholic ("juice" - juice, drink); "Jumper" - a thief, passing through a window into the house ("jump" - jump); "Penciller" - journalist ("pencil" - pen). Hundreds of such words can be found in the English American Slang. The English suffix -ie is common in the construction of words for people belonging to the American slang word group of horses, and it is characterized by the expression of contempt, humiliation, or degradation in relation to people: "drunkie" - "drunk" - drank); "Baddie" - evil, bad uncle ("bad" - bad); "Goodie" - a good person ("good" - good). The prefix denoting negation is used in non-American slang to denote something is lacking. In this case, following the rule, the word is separated by a hyphen: "no-hoper" - an unlucky, useless person ("hope" - to hope); "No-name" - a worthless person ("name" - a name); "No-show" - an invisible person ("show" - to show). The next word-forming unit is the aholic suffix. This unit was first added to the word "alcoholic" and later non-standard vocabulary began to be used to express new words in the American slang. For example: "workaholic" - hardworking, devoted to work ("work" - to work); "New Yorkaholic" - loyal to New York, ("New York" - New York); "Coffeholic" - devoted to drinking coffee ("coffee" - coffee); "Foodoholic" - insatiable, ochofat ("food" - food). There is a concept of semi-affixes in English and they are sometimes used to make slang words, for example: proof, –man, –land, –like, –hood, –head and so on. These types of affixes are not only word-forming affixes, but also words that have a special meaning in themselves. For example: "freshman" - a person who started addiction ("fresh" - barra, new); "Jellyhead" - stupid, insane ("jelly" - jelly, glue); "Hayhead" - a person who smokes marijuana ("hay" - hay); “Homeland” - black territory, quarter (“home” - home); “Knifeman” - surgeon (“knife” - knife); In the American English slang, new words belonging to a separate category of meaning have been created from the addition of two independent literary stems, for example: "nutball" - mad ("nut" - nut, "ball" ”- ball); "Nutbox" - a hospital for the mentally ill, a mental hospital (box); "Pigpen" - a police station ("pig" - a pig, "pen" - a cattle shed). Abbreviation is one of the most common methods of making slang: “mon” (“money” - money), “biz” (“business” - work, business), “fess” ( "Professor" - professor), "tec" ("detective" - detective). Russian linguists T. M. Belyayev and V. A. The Khomyakovs say that there are three different forms of abbreviation, that is, in English the use of the abbreviated slang can be observed by omitting the first syllable or the middle syllable, or the last syllable. teeth. Another effective way to make a word is to repeat the word itself, and this is a phenomenon that has been used in language for a long time, and when a word is used repeatedly, it can reinforce its meaning or change its meaning. : “Bye-bye” - goodbye (“bye” - goodbye), “jaw-jaw” - conversation, idle talk (“jaw” - jaw). Repetitive words are mainly observed in slang, and these can then be added to the standard rules of literary language. For example: English "tip-top" - excellent, first-class or "hocus-pocus" - focus-fokus, eye-painting, deception. In language, these obscure words can be preserved for centuries.