Олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги фарғона давлат университети

wench 1.қиз,етим, 2. Деҳқон қизи, 3. Қўпол қиз;
knave (German knabe): 1. a boy, 2. a servant, 3. any low person; 4. a term of contempt in general referring to any person, a scoundrel – ярамас.
boor: 1. a villager - дехқон, 2. clumsy or ill-bread fellow – қўпол одам;
villain: 1. a villager, a peasant - дехқон, 2. a term of scorn - нафрат, 3. a scoundrel, a ruffian - хулиган, ярамас киши;
blackguard: I. a servant who was in guard of kitchen things black with soot, 2. a scoundrel, due to the contempt of masters for the servants – ярамас, дангаса.
Sometimes a word is neutral in meaning but its derivative has a deroga­tory, degraded meaning: design – ёмон нарса йўламоқ, designing - муғомбир, art - artful (cunning), scheme - scheming (intriguing), mood - moody (out of humour).
Elevation of meaning is a semantic shift undergone by words due to their referents coming up the social scale, e.g.:
marshal - a high military rank, originally - a horse-servant;
queen — originally a woman;
knight - originally a young servant, now a man who receives a title of honour;
nice - originally foolish, now - яхши;
fame - шараф; originally a report, common talk, rumour.
The causes, nature and result of semantic changes should be viewed as three essentially different but inseparable aspects of one and the same linguis­tic phenomenon, as any change of meaning may be investigated from the point of view of its cause, nature and its consequences. Essentially the same causes may bring about different results, e.g., the semantic development in the word knight (OE cniht) from «a boy servant» to «a young warrior» and eventually to the meaning it possesses in Modern English due to extralinguistic causes just as the semantic change in the word boor, but the results are different. In the case of boor we observe pejorative development while in the case of blight we observe elevation of the connotational component.
5.Choose the one which completes the statement:

1. 
   Of the modes of word meaning changes,________are most common.
   

1. 
   elevation and transfer
   
2. 
   narrowing and degradation
   
3. 
   extension and narrowing
   
4. 
   degradation and transfer
   

2. Word-meaning changes by modes of the following except:
a. generalization
b. transfer
c. narrowing
d. clipping
3. Extension of meaning are known as __________.
a. elevation
b. generalization
c. transfer
d. degradation
4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic______.
a. extension
b. elevation
c. transfer
d. narrowing
5. “A boor” was merely a peasant, now the meaning has changed to “ill-mannered person”, which belongs to __________ of word meaning.
a. elevation
b. degradation
c. extension
d. narrowing
6. The original meaning of “shrewd” is “evil” or “wickedness”, while modern meaning is “clever”. This is _________ of word meaning.
a. degradation
b. extension
c. elevation
d. transfer
6. Analyze and comment on it:
For the word “picture”, its old meaning is painting, while the modern meanings are “paintings, drawings and photographs”.
The word steward- an attendant on ships and airlines but originally - a person who took care of pigs (stigo - a sty, weard - ward); minister - a civil servant of higher rank, originally - a servant, an atten­dant, then a priest. Analyze to which type of word meaning this belongs to? Why?