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VI.VARIANTS AND DIALECTS
LEXICAL VARIATION ACROSS THE UK
Aim: to present the lexical variations in UK, to show the main groups of dialects in UK.

1. 
   Activating the background knowledge. Do children wear ‘crepes’, ‘daps’, ‘gutties’, ‘pumps’, ‘plimsolls’ or ‘sand-shoes’ for school PE lessons? Think about the lexical variations in the dialects of UK. Have you heard about using the different lexemes for the same words in various areas of UK? Discuss them.
   
2. 
   What are the main dialects in UK? Draw the map of UK and illustrate the dialects spoken in different territories of UK.
   
3. 
   In Great Britain there are two variants, Scot­tish English and Irish English, and five main groups of dialects: Northern, Midland, Eastern, Western and Southern. Every group contains several (up to ten) dialects. Match the groups of dialects with the areas they are spoken.
   

I.Northern


II. Midland


III.Eastern


IV.Western

V.Southern

1.Cheshire

2. (Birmingham)
3.Potteries (north Staffordshire)
4.Coventry
5.Cumbrian (Cumbria including Barrovian in Barrow-in-Furness)
6.Geordie (Tyneside)
7.Hartlepudlian (Hartlepool)
8.Lancastrian (Lancashire)
9.Mackem (Sunderland)
10.Mancunian (Greater Manchester)
11.Northumbrian (Northumberland and northern County Durham)
12.Pitmatic (former mining communities of Northumberland and County 13.Durham)
14.Scouse (Merseyside)
15.Lincolnshire
16.East Lincolnshire
17.Black Country
18.Norfolk
19.Suffolk
20.Cockney (working-class London and surrounding areas)
21.Essaxon (Essex)
22.Estuary (middle-class London, Home Counties and Hampshire)
23.Pompey dialect (Portsmouth)
24.Kentish (Kent)
25.Multicultural London (London)
26.Sussex
27.Anglo-Cornish
28.Bristolian
29.Janner (Plymouth)
30.Dorset
31.Smoggie (Teesside)
32.Yorkshire

3. 
   Watch the video on the British rhyming slang – Cockney. Pay attention to its peculiarities.
   
4. 
   Read the text about lexical variations of English across the UK.
   

Happen she were wearing a mask.
The use of happen here meaning ‘perhaps’ or ‘maybe’ is an example of lexical variation – differences in vocabulary. It probably locates the speaker somewhere in an area centred on the Pennines: Yorkshire or Lancashire or adjacent areas of the East Midlands. The popular image of dialect speech tends to focus almost exclusively on dialect vocabulary and although there was at one time greater regional variation in vocabulary across the UK, there remains a great deal of lexical diversity.
All languages change over time and vary according to place and social setting. We can observe lexical variation – differences in words and phrases – by comparing the way English is spoken in different places and among different social groups. Despite the belief that dialect words are no longer very widely used, there remains a great deal of lexical diversity in the UK. This is demonstrated, for instance, by the variety of words used for 'bread roll' in different parts of the country. If you live in Lancashire you might buy a barm cake, whilst people over the Pennines in Leeds would probably ask for a bread cake. At a baker’s in Derby you might be offered a cob and on a visit to Coventry you might eat a batch, although each of these words refers pretty much to the same item.