Another trend that will continue to shape the future of jobs is female participation in
the labour force. Women participation in the workforce is considered one of the
biggest social changes in the past fifty years. The entry of millions of women to the
workforce across the world has helped boost economic growth and contributed to
broader economic development. According to Kanji and Sen (2001), deregulation of
labour markets, fragmentation of production processes, de-industrialisation and rise
of the services sector are some of the main factors behind the feminisation of the
However, female participation in the workforce still suffers from strong disparities
across gender lines. While women make up a little over half the world population,
Madouros defines dependency ratio as the number of people aged 65 and over as a proportion of the number of
Jobs for the Future 11
their economic contribution is far below potential. Women continue to undertake the
bulk of unpaid work, and when they are paid they represent the majority of both the
informal sector and the poor (Elborgh-Woytek et al, 2013). Women consistently earn
less than men for the same jobs and tend to be under-represented at the top of
organisations.
There is significant evidence supporting the potential gains from increased
participation of women in the workforce. Goldman Sachs calculates that, leaving all
other things equal, increasing women's participation in the labour market to male
levels will boost gross domestic product (GDP) by 21% in Italy, 19% in Spain, 16%
in Japan, 9% in America, France and Germany, and 8% in Britain. Elborgh-Woytek
et al (2013) estimate that if the number of female workers were raised to the same
levels as that of men, GDP could grow by 34% in Egypt. These numbers represent
lost potential income that will need to be harnessed in a new global marketplace.
Furthermore, in rapidly ageing societies, increasing female participation in the labour
force can help mitigate the impact of a shrinking workforce. Higher rates of female
participation in the work force can also result in a higher skilled workforce
considering women’s higher education levels (Elborgh-Woytek et al 2013).
As women continue to join the ranks of the labour force, labour market regulations
and private sector policies should be revised in order to encourage more women to
follow their predecessors into the workforce as working women are a fundamental
part in the growth and stability equation for developed and developing economies.
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